HISTOLOGY REVIEW

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 GENERAL FEATURES
 Divided into: conduction
and respiratory portions
 Air flow in the conduction
portion go through: nasal
cavity, nasopharynx,
oropharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and terminal
bronchioles
 Histologicaly organized
into mucosa, muscular, sub
mucosa and advetitia
layers
TRACHEA VS. BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLE
BRONCHIOLE - ALVEOLI
CELLS

a) ciliated cells
b) mucous goblet cells
c) brush cells (sensors?)
d) basal (short) cells
e) small granule cells (bronchial Kulchitsky cells)
thought to have neuroendocrine function (similar to
enteroendocrine cell of gut (serotonin) (peristaltic?))
f) Clara cells
 Trachea
Excitatory duct

X50

Lamina propria

Dr. Sovak X200

 BRONCHOUS

Columnar ciliated
epithelium
X50 Smooth muscle

Mucosa layer
Hyaline Cartilage

Blood vessels Alveoli sac

Dr. Sovak X200

 TERMINAL
BRONCHIOLE
X50

Smooth muscles
Cuboidal Epithelium

Clara cell

Irregular dense CT
Dr. Sovak X200 Lamina propria
 ALVEOLAR SAC

Capillary + RBC
X50

Lung with coal dust

Pneumocyte type II

X200 Pneumocyte type I

X50 Dust cell

Dr. Sovak X200

CARDIOVASCULAR
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF:

 Heart (muscular pump)

 Pulmonary circulation (system of blood vessels
to and from the lungs)
 Systemic circulation (system of blood vessels
bringing blood to and from all the other organs of
the body).
HEART AS A THREE LAYERED STRUCTURE

 Outer layer – Pericardium = Epicardium

 Medial layer – Myocardium
 Inner layer - Endocardium
The
endocardium of
the heart is a
Endocardium
homologue of
the tunica intima
in the blood
vessel walls. Purkinje fiber
In the lower left
quadrant
indicates the
junction with the Myocardium
myocardium.

Purkinje fibers are modified cardiac muscle fibers that are

a part of the impulse conducting system in the heart.
STRUCTURE OF VESSELS

 Outer layer –
Tunica adventitia
 Middle layer –

Tunica media
 Inner layer –

Tunica intima

Except for the smallest vessels

ARTERY VEIN AND NERVE
ARTERY
 Capillaries are of three types, namely
Capillaries continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal.
Continuous capillaries are present in muscle, nervous, and
connective tissues, whereas in the brain tissue they are classified as
modified continuous capillaries. The intercellular junctions between
their endothelial cells are a type of fasciae occludentes, which
prevent passage of many molecules. Substances such as amino
acids, glucose, nucleosides, and purines move across the capillary
No pores / fenestra wall via carrier-mediated transport. There is evidence that barrier
regulation resides within the endothelial cells but is influenced by
products formed by the astrocytes associated with the capillaries.
Fenestrated capillaries have pores (fenestrae) in their walls that
are 60 to 80 nm in diameter and covered by a pore diaphragm.
These capillaries are found in the pancreas, intestines, and
endocrine glands. The pores in fenestrated capillaries are bridged by
Contain pores / fenestra a diaphragm. An exception is the renal glomerulus, composed of
fenestrated capillaries that lack diaphragms.
Because of their location, sinusoidal capillaries have an enlarged
diameter. They also contain many large fenestrae that lack
diaphragms; the endothelial wall may be discontinuous, as is the
basal lamina, permitting enhanced exchange between the blood and
the tissues. Sinusoids are lined by endothelium. Although the
endothelial cells lack pinocytotic vesicles, macrophages may be located
either in or along the outside of the endothelial wall.

Figure 11–12 The three types of capillaries: continuous,

fenestrated, and sinosoidal (discontinuous).
VEIN
Three layers can be seen. In the tunica intima there is an endothelium, no
subendothelial layer to be discerned, and a faint internal elastic lamina. The
tunica media is a mixture of smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers and
elastic fibers. The tunica adventitia, a connective tissue layer of fibroblasts,
collagen fibers and elastic fibers, is devoid of an external elastic lamina.
URINARY SYSTEM
JG APPARATUS
URETHER
 Kidney - Cortex
x40

x400 Distal tubule

Macula densa
Urinary space

Renal corpuscle

Glomerulus
Proximal tubule

Bowman’s capsule © Dr. Guy Sovak

 KIDNEY – PROXIMAL MEDULLA
x40

x400

Proximal tubule

Distal tubule

Henle loop

© Dr. Guy Sovak

KIDNEY – DISTAL MEDULLA

x100
Interlobular A/V

Collecting duct
© Dr. Guy Sovak
 HISTOLOGY OF THE ALIMENTERYCANAL
 Four general layers: Meissners submucousal plexus
 Mucosa
 Submucosa
 Muscularis externa
 Serosa

Intraperitoneum
Serosa
Loose connec.
Retroperitoneum
tissue adventitia
Circular
Longitudinal Smooth /
Peristaltic activity skeletal esophagus
Dense irregular
Auerbach myentric plexus
postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies
Esophagus
The lumen of the esophagus, lined by a thick,
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.
The lamina propria houses esophageal cardiac
glands, which produce a mucoid secretion.
The muscularis mucosae is unusual in that it
consists of only a single layer of longitudinally
oriented smooth muscle fibers.
The submucosa of the esophagus is composed of a
dense, fibroelastic connective tissue, which houses
the esophageal glands proper. These tubuloacinar
glands produce a mucous secretion. Meisner’s
submucosal plexus is present in the submucosa.
The muscularis externa of the esophagus is arranged
in two layers, inner circular and outer longitudinal.
However, these muscle layers are unusual in that they
are composed of both skeletal and smooth muscle
fibers. The muscularis externa of the upper third of
the esophagus has mostly skeletal muscle; the middle
third has both skeletal and smooth muscle; and the
lowest third has only smooth muscle fibers.
Auerbach’s plexus occupies its usual position
between the inner circular and outer longitudinal
smooth muscle layers of the muscularis externa.
The esophagus is covered by an adventitia until it
pierces the diaphragm, after which it is covered by a
serosa.
DIFFERENT LYNING
FUNDIC GLANDS
 Extends from muscularis mucosa to base of
gastric pit divided to: isthmus, neck and base

Surface lining cells secrete visible mucous

traps bicarbonate neutralize acidic pH
 DUODENUM
 Three layers

circular

longitude
Brunner's glands provide abundant alkaline mucus
to neutralize the acid from the stomach
Tunica ESOPHAGUS
adventitia Longitudinal and Circular

X50

muscularis propria
muscularis
mucosae
lamina propria

a
os
uc of the mucosa
bm
su

epithelium of
Dr. Guy Sovak © mucosa the mucosa
 X50 X100

o sa
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bm mucosa
Su
lamina propria
of the mucosa
epithelium of
the mucosa
muscularis propria
Circular Mucosa
Longitudinal

Veins

Aurbach Plexsus
X200 Dr. Guy Sovak ©
 STOMACH
mucosa

Submucosa

muscularis propria

Tunica adventitia X50

Dr. Guy Sovak ©

Dr. Guy Sovak © X100
Gastric pit

Gastric
gland

lamina propria
of mucosa
X50

X50

Parietal cells X200

Submucosa

Veins Chief cells

Muscularis mucosa
 Duodenum

X50
Dr. Guy Sovak ©
X50

Ileum
Jejunum

X50
 DUODENUM
X50

mucosa

muscularis propria

Submucosa
Muscularis mucosa

Tunica adventitia

Dr. Guy Sovak ©

 X100
muscularis propria
Villi and microvilli

Circular
Aurbach plexus

Lacteal duct
Longitudinal

Lymph
nodule

Goblet cell
Lamina
propria

Burners glands
In submucosa
crypts of Lieberkühn
X200

X100 Dr. Guy Sovak ©

 X50

ILEUM
muscularis propria

mucosa

X100
Submucosa

Goblet cells

Paneth cells

Vein Dr. Guy Sovak ©

 COLON
X50
Circular

muscularis propria

Submucosa

mucosa

Staining for mucus

Dr. Guy Sovak ©
 Classic lobe
central vein LIVER
Hepatic acinus
Portal lobe

Dr. Guy Sovak

©
Triad

Triad Bile Vein

canaliculi
X50
central vein
Hepatocyte
Artery

Sinusoids
X400 X1000 X200
 PANCREAS

Islands of Langerhans

Intercalated duct

X100

Pancreas Acinus
Dr. Guy Sovak © X400
PEYER'S PATCHES
 Peyer's patches
establish their
importance in the
immune surveillance of
the intestinal lumen and
in facilitating the
generation of the
immune response within
the mucousa.
 COLON MUSCULARIS MUCOUSA

 Outer longitudinal layer, is

different as it is devided into
three narrow “ribbons”
which are called Taeniae
coli.
 Serosa - fat filled called
appendices epiploicae.
REVIEW
PANCREAS
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 See phone for picture – images will be on exam
FEMALE REP
 See phone again
ENDOCRINE
 See phone for 2 pictures
EMBRYOLOGY
Maura H. Parker, Patrick Seale & Michael A.
Rudnicki
Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 497-507 (July
2003)
Limb
development
takes part in
just ~one month
4th to 8th week
in 3 stages:
Paddle, Plate
and Rotation
stage
(AER) -Apical Ectoderm
Ridge -Thickening of the apex of
each limb bud.
CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT
BLOOD VESSELS
 Starting day 17 vessels arise from aggregation
of endothelial precursor cells in the splanchnic
mesoderm
 Vasculogenesis (de novo) beginning
organization of blood vessel network
 Angiogenesis, branching of the existing
vessels.
Truncus Arteriosus – pulmonary artery and aorta

Bulbus cordis – part of the ventricle

Primordial ventricle – part of the ventricle

Primordial atrium - atria

Sinus venusus – Coronary sinus and small part

of right atrium
FORMATION OF CARDIAC LOOP

Conus
arteriosus
ADULT DERIVATIVES OF FETAL
VASCULAR STRUCTURES
Fetal Structure Adult Structure

Foramen Ovale Fossa Ovalis

Umbilical Vein
Ligamentum teres
(intra-abdominal part)

Ductus Venosus Ligamentum venosum

medial umbilical ligaments,

Umbilical Arteries and abdominal
superior vesicular artery (supplies
ligaments
bladder)

Ductus Arteriosum Ligamentum arteriosum

GI EMBRYO
PARTS OF THE GI TRACT

foregut
MidGut
Rotation
animation