3.15 Transformer

M.
03 ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
M.03 - ELCTRICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
Sub-Topic 3.15- TRANSFORMER
Hours Allotted - 06 Hrs.
Issue Date: 01.10.2022 Issue-02, Rev: 0 M. 03 Sub Module-3.15 Prepared by: R S Sharma Approved by: TM
Lesson Plan
01/06
Transformer introduction
•Purpose of transformer
•Principal of operation – mutual induction
Transformer construction
•Core
•Primary winding
•Secondary winding
Types of Transformer
•Core type transformer
Shell type transformer
PURPOSE OF TRANSFORMER
o Transfer electric power from one circuit

to another.
o It does so without a change of

frequency.
o It accomplishes this by mutual

inductance.
PURPOSE OF TRANSFORMER
o The output voltage can be stepped up

and down.
MUTUAL INDUCTION
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
Three basic parts are.
o An iron core
o A primary winding (inductor)
o A secondary winding (inductor)
TRANSFORMER CLASSES
Voltage transformers;
o It is used for stepping up or stepping

down voltages.
Current transformers;
o It is used in instrument circuits.
TRANSFORMATION RATIO
o The magnitude of secondary voltage

depends on turns transformation ratio.
o It is the ratio of number of turns in the

secondary winding to primary winding.
TURN RATIO
o It is ratio of number of turns in primary to

number of turns in secondary.
o Turn ratio =
TURN RATIO
Lesson Plan
02/06
- Working of transformer
Transformer without load
•Exciting current
•Back emf
•Phase of induced voltage in secondary coil
Transformer under load
•Explaining secondary flux setup
•Explaining over all flux set up in core
Dot notation in transformer
In phase and out of phase condition
WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
o Transformer under no load

o Transformer under load
TRANSFORMER UNDER NO
LOAD
LOAD
AC is connected across the primary
terminals with no load at secondary;
→ Alternating current will flow

→ Self induce a voltage
→ Excitation current (Small value)
→ Magnetize its core
→ Induces a voltage secondary coil
LOAD
Without of considering the dot notation;
o The induced EMF is anti-phase to

applied voltage.
o Back EMF and induced EMF have

same phase.
LOAD
LOAD
o Transformers should not be operated

below their rated minimum frequency
o If it is done than applied voltage should

be reduced.
TRANSFORMER UNDER LOAD
When the secondary is loaded;
Secondary current I2 is set up.

Flux Φ2 at secondary is set up.
Φ2 is in opposition to the main primary
flux Φ.
The flux Φ2 weakens the flux Φ

momentarily.
Primary back emf V1 tends to be

reduced.
o Overall the core flux remains constant

on all varying loads.
o That’s why core loss is also constant on

all varying load.
DOT NOTATION TRANSFORMER
o It is used to indicate phase relationship

between two windings.
o Terminals marked with dots are in phase

with to each other.
o The phase condition refers to voltages.

DOT NOTATION TRANSFORMER
o Induced voltage always depends on how

transformer is wound.
DOT NOTATION OF
TRANSFORMER
POLARITY IN TRANSFORMER
o Polarity is essential to correctly construct

three-phase transformer banks.
o To properly parallel single or three-phase

transformers.
o To connect potential and current

transformers to protective relays.
o Additive polarity
o Subtractive polarity
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING (K)
o It is the fraction of total flux from one

coil linking another coil.
o It is expressed in decimal fraction.
o If flux linkage is 97% the coefficient of

coupling, K = 0.97
o K=
Or
o LM = K (L1L2 )
COUPLING FACTOR
The value of k depends on;

o Purpose of coils involved.
o Relative positions of the coils – k = 0
when inductors are 900 to each other.
o Rate of change of current.
o It can be as high as 0.98 or as low as
0.0001
Lesson Plan
03/06
Types of transformers on the basis of use
Auto transformer
•Primary coils and secondary coils connection
•Advantages
•Step up and step-down auto transformer
•Types of transformers
•Power transformer
•Audio transformer
•Radio frequency transformer
AUTO TRANSFORMER
o It consists of one continuous coil with

tapped connection.
o Tapping is done for primary and

secondary terminals.
o Working is same as normal transformer.
AUTO TRANSFORMER
o One disadvantages is that secondary is

not isolated from primary.
AUTO TRANSFORMER
AUTO TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER
Power transformer;
o Steps up or down voltages.
o ‘Center tap’ provides a selection of half

the voltage across the whole winding.
POWER TRANSFORMER
AUDIO TRANSFORMER
o It has only one secondary coil.
o Operate over the range of audio

frequencies (20 to 20 000 hertz).
AUDIO TRANSFORMER
RADIO FREQUENCY
TRANSFORMER
o Functions in the radio range of

frequencies.
o It has an air core.
Lesson Plan
04/06
Types of transformers on the basis of use

Current transformer
•Construction
•Working
•Uses
Polarity in transformer
•Additive polarity
•Subtractive polarity
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
o It is a ring type transformer.
o It contains only secondary winding.
o It enables circuit currents to be

measured without breaking the circuit.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
o Primary coil is itself a line current that is

to be measured.
o It should be never operated without load

in secondary.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
If the primary is operated without load in

secondary;
o No secondary flux to oppose the primary

flux.
o CT overheat and burn out.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
If it is necessary to operate a CT off-load;
o Secondary terminals must be shorted.
POLARITY IN CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
o Polarity should be known when CT is
used in control circuits.
o If it is fitted in wrong direction than

output phase will be shifted to 1800.
o This will cause control circuit to operate

in opposite sense.
POLARITY IN CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
o However, polarity is not needed when

CT is connected to load like ammeter.
o H1 side toward the generator in the

circuit in order to have proper polarity.
POLARITY IN CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
Lesson Plan
05/06
Three phase transformers

Star and delta connection in three phase transformers
Losses in transformer
•Copper loss
•Iron loss (eddy current loss, hysteresis loss)
Transformer ratings
Efficiency in transformer
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
o It is used when with three phase AC

system.
o Although individual three transformer

single can also be used with 3 Phase.
o It consists of three limb.

o Primary and secondary for each phase

are allocated to single limb.
o Primary and secondary can be

connected in either star or delta way.
LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
1. Copper Loss
2. Iron / Core Loss
(i) Eddy current loss
(ii) Hysteresis loss
COPPER LOSS
o It is created by resistance of windings.

o It varies with the load.
o It produces heat.
IRON/CORE LOSS
o It is related to the construction of

transformer.
o It is fixed and always present in

transformer.
IRON/CORE LOSS– EDDY
CURRENT LOSS
o AC induces voltage in core itself.

o Current is produced in a core.
o They flow in circular path through cross
section of the core.
o They create heat in the core.
IRON/CORE LOSS– EDDY
CURRENT LOSS
o Eddy current flux opposes coil flux.

o More current is required in coil to
maintain its magnetic field.
o Higher the frequency higher is the eddy
current loss.
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
EDDY CURRENT LOSS –
REDUCTION
It can be reduced by using;

o Laminated core.
o Powered iron core
o Ferrite core
HYSTERESIS LOSS
o It results from additional power required

to reverse magnetic field in the core.
o Greater the frequency more the loss.
o It can be reduced by using special steels

in lamination.
HYSTERESIS LOSS
o Though it is always present but it is

lesser than eddy current loss.
TRANSFORMER RATING
o Ratings of transformer can be discussed

in three heading.
o Voltage rating
o Current rating
o Power rating
o Frequency rating
TRANSFORMER RATING–
VOLTAGE
o Manufacturers may specify voltage

rating for primary and secondary coil.
o Never apply more than rated voltage to

the primary.
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
o Manufacturers may specify current rating
for secondary coil only.
o Primary current purely depends on

secondary current.
o Never draw more than rated current from

the secondary.
POWER
o It is the amount of power the transformer
can deliver to a resistive load.
o It is rated in volt-ampere i.e., apparent

power.
FREQUENCY
o In A/C 400Hz rated transformer are
used.
o Since it weights less and sizes are quite

small.
o Frequency rating of 400 Hz cannot be

used at 50 or 60 Hz.
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
o It is defined as ratio of power out to

power in.
o % Efficiency =
o Due to losses it is always lesser than

100%
Lesson Plan
06/06
Numerical Practice
Formula based numeric questions
EXERCISE
o A power transformer has100 turns for NP
and 600 turns for NS. Calculate

o Turn ratio
o Secondary voltage VS if the primary
voltage VP is 120 V?
EXERCISE
o A transformer with a 1:6 turns ratio has

720 V across 7200 Ω in the secondary.
o Calculate IS and IP?
EXERCISE
o If an iron-core transformer has a turns
ratio, NP/NS of 3:1 and ZS = 16 Ω.

o How much is ZP?

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M.

o Transfer electric power from one circuit

o It does so without a change of

o It accomplishes this by mutual

o The output voltage can be stepped up

Three basic parts are.

o A primary winding (inductor)

o A secondary winding (inductor)

o It is used for stepping up or stepping

o It is used in instrument circuits.

o The magnitude of secondary voltage

o It is the ratio of number of turns in the

o It is ratio of number of turns in primary to

o Transformer under no load

→ Alternating current will flow

o The induced EMF is anti-phase to

o Back EMF and induced EMF have

o Transformers should not be operated

o If it is done than applied voltage should

When the secondary is loaded;

Secondary current I2 is set up.

The flux Φ2 weakens the flux Φ

Primary back emf V1 tends to be

o Overall the core flux remains constant

o That’s why core loss is also constant on

o It is used to indicate phase relationship

o Terminals marked with dots are in phase

o The phase condition refers to voltages.

o Induced voltage always depends on how

o Polarity is essential to correctly construct

o To properly parallel single or three-phase

o To connect potential and current

o It is the fraction of total flux from one

o It is expressed in decimal fraction.

o If flux linkage is 97% the coefficient of

The value of k depends on;

o It consists of one continuous coil with

o Tapping is done for primary and

o Working is same as normal transformer.

o One disadvantages is that secondary is

o Steps up or down voltages.

o ‘Center tap’ provides a selection of half

o It has only one secondary coil.

o Operate over the range of audio

o Functions in the radio range of

o It has an air core.

Types of transformers on the basis of use

o It is a ring type transformer.

o It contains only secondary winding.

o It enables circuit currents to be

o Primary coil is itself a line current that is

o It should be never operated without load

If the primary is operated without load in

o No secondary flux to oppose the primary

o CT overheat and burn out.

If it is necessary to operate a CT off-load;

o Secondary terminals must be shorted.

o If it is fitted in wrong direction than