Descriptive Statistics Prepared by:

(Measures of Central Tendency and Shapes of John Christian Paolo M. Belen

Distribution) Assistant Professor I
 Populations and
Sample
Population
• is the set of all the
individuals of interest
in a particular study.
 Populations and
Sample
Sample
• a set of individuals
selected from a
population, usually
intended to represent the
population in a research
study.
The relationship between a population and a sample most
from this course?
 Parameter and
Statistic
Parameter
• a value, usually
numerical, that describes
a population.
 Parameter and
Statistic
Statistic
• is a value, usually
numerical, that
describes a sample.
 Dichotomous
Variable
Dichotomous Variable
• one that takes on one of only
two possible values when
observed or measured.
• Artificial Dichotomous
(Passed/Failed) – derived
from scores
• True Dichotomous ( Yes/No,
True/False, Heads/Tails)
 Central Tendency

• Typical or most
representative value of a
group of scores
• Mean, Median, Mode
 Mean
• arithmetic average of a
group of scores; sum of the
scores divided by the
number of scores.
• a balanced point for the
distribution
Formula for the Mean
and Statistical
Symbols

μ = ∑x/N
M = ∑x/n
 The following are the stress ratings
of 30 students in the first week of
their statistics class:
Example 8, 7, 4, 10, 8, 6, 8, 9, 9, 7, 3, 7 ,6 ,5,
0, 9, 10, 7, 7, 3, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 6, 7, 10,
8, 8
Calculate the M
 M = ∑x/n
Example
(Solution) = 193/30
= 6.43
 Steps for Figuring
the Mean

1. Add up all the scores

2. Divide the sum by the
number of scores.
 Weighted Mean

• an average in which each

observation in the data set is
assigned or multiplied by a
weight before summing to a
single average value.
• 1.50 (2)+ 2.00(3)+1.25(3)+2.00(3)+2.50(3)+2.00(5)
19
• 3.00+6.00+3.75+6.00+7.50+10
19
36.25
19
=1.9078947368

=1.91
• 1,2,6,6,10 M= 5

• 1,2,6,7,10 M= 5.2
• 1,2,6,6,10 M= 5

• 1,2,6,6,8,10 M= 5.5

• 1,6,6,10 M= 5.75
 Median
• middle score when all the
scores in a distribution are
arranged from lowest to
highest.
 Steps for Finding
the Median
1. Line up all the scores from lowest
to highest.
2. Figure how many scores there are
to the middle score by adding 1 to
the number of scores and dividing
by 2.
3. Count up to the middle score or
scores.
• Location of median= n+1
• 2
• 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 8= ODD
• 8+1/2
• 9/2=4.5
• Median=3+5=8/2=4
• Median=4
n=15
• Location of median= 8th score
• N=10
• Location of median = 5.5 -- 5th & 6th score
Md=8.5
• 2,5,5,6, 8, 9,11,11,11,14
• Even number
• 8+9/2
• 17/2
• 8.5
Example of
Outliers
 Mode

• value with the greatest

frequency in the
distribution
 The following are the stress ratings
of 30 students in the first week of
their statistics class:
8, 7, 4, 10, 8, 6, 8, 9, 9, 7, 3, 7 ,6 ,5,
Example 0, 9, 10, 7, 7, 3, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 6, 7, 10,
8, 8

Find the Mode

 The following are the stress ratings
of 30 students in the first week of
their statistics class:
8, 7, 4, 10, 8, 6, 8, 9, 9, 7, 3, 7 ,6 ,5,
Example 0, 9, 10, 7, 7, 3, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 6, 7, 10,
8, 8
7=6
Mode= 7
Majority of the participants are male
(85.00%).
X f
5 8
4 8
3 2
2 3
1 8
Mode=1,4 & 5= Multimodal
Shapes of a Frequency
Distribution
]
End.. See you on the next
video discussion!
mean<median<mode

Mean(4)<md(7)<mode(10)