HEMOPOIETIC

SYSTEM
GROUP 4
MEMBERS
BALBUTAN, KIRSTINE LOVE
SANSANO, DIMPLE
DALAYDAY, MARIO
GIVERO, ASHZMIR
IMMOLIAP, BENJIE
BONGTAYON, KIMBERLEE
• The hemopoietic system includes blood, lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and the
spleen.
• Blood comprises plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%). Plasma is 90% water and
10% solutes, including proteins, glucose, amino acids, and lipids. Plasma proteins
are globulins, albumins, and clotting factors. Erythrocytes (RBCs) transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin. Leukocytes (WBCs) defend against
foreign substances, and thrombocytes (platelets) are crucial for clotting.
• Lymphatic system functions in immunity and absorbs fats. Lymphocytes, derived
from thymus and bone marrow, play a key role in immunity. The risk of radiation
exposure on blood cells is mentioned, emphasizing lymphocytes' sensitivity. The
spleen, a vital lymphoid organ, produces lymphocytes and cleanses blood.
Myeloid tissue (bone marrow) produces blood cells and is classified as red
(active) or yellow (inactive) marrow. Blood types and Rh factor are highlighted,
noting the importance of cross-matching for transfusions.
Imaging considerations
• Radiography Role:
- Limited role in hemopoietic disorders diagnosis.
- Skeletal survey for multiple myeloma.
- Chest radiography for lymphatic changes and opportunistic
infections in immunocompromised patients.
• Imaging Modalities:
- Abdominal CT for lymph node assessment.
- PET preferred for Hodgkin lymphoma follow-up.
- CT and MRI recommended for HIV-related neurologic deficits.
- MRI useful for bone marrow imaging.
• Nuclear Medicine:
- Technetium-99m bone scans for metastatic bone disease.
- PET for initial staging and follow-up in Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Safety Precautions:
- Standard precautions for bloodborne pathogens.
- Gloves for venipuncture and potential contamination.
- Needles in puncture-proof containers.
- Emphasis on handwashing for infection control.
 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

• AIDS was first recognized in 1981. It is caused by one of two

related human immunodeficiency retroviruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2.

• AIDS is the last stage of HIV: Acute HIV infection, Clinical

Latency( Chronic HIV infection), and the AIDS.

• HIV attacks by entering the bloodstream and attaches to CD4

cells. If left untreated, approximately 99% of HIV infections
progress to AIDS.
CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY
DISEASES
What is sickle cell disease
(SCD)?

• Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders

that affect hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen through the
body.
- Cause of SCD
• SCD is a genetic condition that is present at birth. It is inherited
when a child receives two genes—one from each parent—that code
for abnormal hemoglobin
What are the symptoms of sickle
cell disease (SCD)?
• People with SCD start to have signs of the disease during the first year
of life, usually around 5 months of age. Early symptoms of SCD may
include:
• Painful swelling of the hands and feet.
• Fatigue or fussiness from anemia
• A yellowish color of the skin (jaundice) or the whites
• Symptoms
• Thalassemia is a hemoglobinopathy that is among the most common
inherited disorders of hemoglobin production.
• Thalassemia is a hemoglobinopathy that is among the most
common inherited disorders of hemoglobin production.
• Thalassemia results from unbalanced hemoglobin synthesis
caused by decreased production of at least one globin
polypeptide chain.
• There are two main types, alpha thalassemia and beta
thalassemia
• Alpha-thalassemia results from decreased production of alpha-
polypeptide chains due to a deletion of one or more alpha genes.
• Beta-thalassemia results from decreased production of beta-
polypeptide chains due to either mutations or deletions in the
beta globin gene, leading to impaired production of hemoglobin.
Thalassemia signs and symptoms can include:

• Fatigue
• Weakness.
• Pale or yellowish skin.
• Facial bone deformities.
• Slow growth
• Abdominal swelling.
• Dark urine.
 Hemophilias are inherited hemorrhagic diseases that involve
a congenital deficiency of three plasma clotting factors.
Types of Hemophilia:
• Hemophilia A results from a deficiency in plasma clotting factor VIII and is
the most common type of hemophilia. This disorder only affects males, but
females transmit it.
• Hemophilia B results from a deficiency in plasma clotting factor IX and is
clinically indistinguishable/ almost identical from hemophilia A. These
hemophiliac conditions may be mild, moderate, or severe.
• Hemophilia C results from a deficiency in plasma clotting factor XI and
occurs equally in males and females. The severity of this deficiency is less than
that of either hemophilia A or B.
• In individuals with hemophilia, clinical manifestations
begin to appear before the age of 4 years, and these
patients experience persistent bleeding from minor
injuries.
• Radiography, like other inherited hemopoietic illnesses,
plays no role in the diagnosis and therapy of hemophilia.
The evaluation is based on family history and laboratory
tests.
 Von Willebrand disease
• is relatively common in both males and females.
• This disorder results from a defect in the plasma clotting factor termed von
Willebrand factor (vWF) and is not diagnosed in adulthood.
• The most common clinical signs include spontaneous bleeding from the
• nose
• mouth
• gastrointestinal tract.
• The bleeding episodes are not as severe as in hemophilia A, B, or C, and the
only treatment is usually preventive, which includes avoiding aspirin
consumption.
NEOPLASTIC DISEASES
 Multiple myeloma
• Multiple myeloma- a type of cancer that develop from plasma cell in the
bone narrow. cancer that form in a type of white blood cell called plasma
cell.
• SYMPTOM OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA
• high calcium
• renal failure
• anemia
• bone pain
• Leukemia- cancers of the blood cells. type of leukemia depends on the type
of blood cell that becomes cancer and whether it grows quickly or slowly.
Leukemia occurs most often in adults older than 55, but it is also the most
common cancer in children younger than 15.
4 types of leukemia
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia
(ALL
• Acute myelogenous (AML)
• Cronic lumphocytic leukemia
(CLL)
• Chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML)
CAUSE OF LEUKEMIA
A genetic predisposition
down syndrom
human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)
human immunificirncy virus (HIV)
exposure to petrochemical
extensive chemotherapy
 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• NHL is a malignancy of the lymphoid cells found in the lymph nodes, bone
marrow, spleen, liver, and gastrointestinal system.
• It is the most common type of lymphoma, and its incidence increases with
age, most commonly occurring in individu- als aged 50 years or older.
• Its etiology is unknown.
• Research indicates that the chances of developing NHL increase with expo-
sure to certain chemicals; an impaired immune system, as occurs with HIV or
in immunosup- pressant patients following organ transplanta- tion; or
chronic Helicobacter pylori infection.
• Most cases arise from B cells (80% to 85%), and or CT is gaining popularity,
and MRI of the chest approximately 15% arise from T cells
• Most common classification system has been
established by the World Health Organization (WHO)
most common classification system has been
established by the WHO, and in this system,
lymphomas are designated by;
• cell type
• cell maturation
• anatomic site
• B-cell lymphomas
include both precursor B-cell lymphoma and a
multitude of mature B-cell lymphomas

• T-cell lymphomas
include one precursor T-cell lymphoma and two
mature T-cell lymphomas.

• SIGNS and SYMPTOMS

- the patient manifests general
lymphadenopathy before developing lymphoma.
• Imaging Examinations
• CT scans of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis
are commonly used
• MRI of the chest and abdomen may also be
indicated
• A bone marrow biopsy
TREATMENT OF NHL
•It consists of
chemotherapy and
radiation therapy, either
independently or in
combination. In some
advanced cases, radiola-
beled antibody therapy
may also be used.
 Hodgkin lymphoma
• another neoplastic disease that affects lymphoid tissue.
• etiology is unknown
• it commonly affects individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years and
those over 60 years of age.
• It tends to affect men slightly more often than women and whites more
than blacks.
• The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells differentiates Hodgkin lymphoma
from other types of lym- phatic diseases. Reed-Sternberg cells are
believed to be mutant B cells that secrete and release cyto- kines, which
leads to inflammatory cellular response.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOPMS

• malaise
• fever
• night sweats
• weight loss
• splenomegaly
• enlarged lymph nodes
Imaging Examination
•CT examinations of the chest, abdomen, and
pelvis, which are used to stage the disease,
commonly demonstrate enlarged
retroperitoneal nodes. •
• However, PET is gaining popularity in the
initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma.
•Nuclear medicine gallium scans
•MRI of the abdomen may also be useful in
staging Hodgkin lymphoma
•In some cases, a laparotomy, including
splenectomy.
• Stage I - denotes one anatomic node location
• Stage IV- denotes extranodal spread to bone marrow, the lungs, or
the liver.
• Treatment of Hodgkin Lymphoma
- radiotherapy
- bone marrow and stem cell transplantation
- chemotherapy
THANK YOU!