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5 Writing Chapter Ii Methodology of The Study
5 Writing Chapter Ii Methodology of The Study
5 Writing Chapter Ii Methodology of The Study
QAC/R63/0216
WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF
THE STUDY
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II - Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
• Research Locale
• Research Design
• Research Participant
• Research Instrumentation
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Data Analysis
• Ethical Considerations
Descriptive
1. Experimental Research
• called true experimentation and often thought of as a laboratory
study, but this is not always the case
• uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship
among a group of variables that make up a study
• effort is made to identify and impose control over all other
variables except one
• an independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects
on dependent variable
• subjects are randomely assigned to experimental treatments rather
than identified in naturally occuring groups.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
2. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research
• attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the
variables
• very similar to true experiments but with some key differences
• independent variable is identified but not manipulated and the
effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable
are measured
• no random assignment of groups but uses ones that are
naturally formed or pre-existing groups
3. Descriptive Research
• seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable
• designed to provide systematic information about a
phenomenon
• does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but consequently
developed after collection of data
• analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of hypothesis
• systematic collection of information requires careful selection of
the units studied and careful measurement of each variable
4. Correlational Research
• attempts to determine the extent of relatonship between two or
more variables using statistical data
• relationships between and among facts are sought and
interpreted
• recognizes trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far
in its analysis to prove causes for these observed patterns
• the data, relationship, and distribution variables are studied only
• variables are not manipulated; they are only identified and are
studied as they occur in a natural setting
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Registration Number:
5. Exploratory Research
QAC/R63/0216
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPLORATORY
QAC/R63/0216
RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Convergent Parallel
- collect quantitative and qualitative data at the same time and
analyze them separately. After both analyses are complete,
compare the results to draw overall conclusions.
2. Embedded
- collect and analyze both types of data at the same time, but
within a larger quantitative or qualitative design. One type of
data is secondary to the other. Embedded design is used to
strengthen or supplement the conclusions from the primary type
of research design.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
MIXED METHOD RESEARCH DESIGNS Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
3. Explanatory Sequential
- quantitative data collection and analysis occurs first, followed by
qualitative data collection and analysis. This design is used if the
qualitative data will explain and contextualize the quantitative
findings.
4. Exploratory sequential
- qualitative data collection and analysis occurs first, followed by
quantitative data collection and analysis. This design is used to
first explore initial questions and develop hypotheses. Then, the
quantitative data are used to test or confirm your qualitative
findings.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
RESEARCH LOCALE
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
491.65
= -----------------------
1.2775 + 0.96025
491.65
= -------------
50.90625
= 219.87 or 220
1. Random/Probability Sampling
• picking the desired sample size
and selecting observations
from a population in such a
way that each observation has
an equal chance of selection
until the desired sample size is
achieved.
E. Multi-Stage Sampling
QAC/R63/0216
A. Quota Sampling
- method of non-probability sampling when the samples are selected based
on the probability proportionate to the distribution of a variable in the
population
- a sampling method which is used so that the proportion of samples for each
category will have the same proportion assumed to exist in the population
B. Convenience Sampling
- non-random sampling technique which simply includes the individuals who
happen to be most accessible to the researcher
- an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to
tell if the sample is representative of the population, so it cannot produce
generalizable results
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
TYPES OF NON-RANDOM SAMPLING Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
C. Judgemental/Purposive Sampling
- type of non-random sampling technique which involves the
researcher using their judgement/criteria to select a sample that is
most useful to the purposes of the research
D. Snowball Sampling
- if the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you
have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.
4-1
I = -------
4
= 0.75
SYNTHESIS
QAC/R63/0216
3. Simple Percentage
- a measure of a portion in relation to a whole
- often expressed in relation to how many of something there
are per 100
f
P = ---------------- X 100
N
4. Standard Deviation
- a statistic that measures the dispersion of a data set relative
to its mean
- if the data points are further from the mean, there is a
higher deviation within the data set; thus, the more spread
out the data, the higher the standard deviation.
FINANCIAL RATIOS
• a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken
from an enterprise's financial statements.
• created with the use of numerical values taken from financial
statements to gain meaningful information about a company.
The numbers found on a company’s financial statements –
balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement – are
used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a company’s
liquidity, leverage, growth, margins, profitability, rates of return,
valuation, and more.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
3. Research Participants
• Identify and quantify the specific respondents of the study.
• The respondents of the market study should be the well
defined target market of the proposed business. Other
respondents are those who are sources of raw information for
other aspects of the study.
• Determine the sample size from the target population of the
market study.
• Discuss the sampling techniques to be used in the study.
Justify why it is used.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II -
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
4. Research Instrumentations
• Select the most suited data gatehering tools for the study.
• Refer to the purpose of the study and the types of data to be
gathered.
• Discuss the characteristics/features and parts of the research
instruments.
• Discuss as to what specific interdependent components of the
study the research instrument intends to elicit data or
information.
• Discuss the process/es of developing the research instruments.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
POINTERS IN WRITING CHAPTER II - Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216
6. Data Analysis
• Discuss all the data analysis tools to be used in the study.
• Take cognizance of the objectives of the study, the type of
data gathering tools used and the types of data to be
analyzed.
• Provide the definition and formula of the quantitative analysis
tools. For qualitative data, just provide the definition.
• Discuss briefly about how they will be used and in what
particular interdependent components of the study they will
be employed.
Department of Education-Division of Quezon
Registration Number:
QAC/R63/0216