DESCRIPTIVE

STATISTICS
STATISTICS VERSUS PARAMETER

• When such indices are calculated for a sample drawn from a population, they are called
statistics
• when they are calculated from the entire population, they are called parameters .
• information can be collected in several ways, but it can be reported in only three ways: through
words, through numbers, and sometimes through graphs or charts that show patterns or describe
• relationships.
TYPES OF SCORES

• RAW SCORES
• DERIVED SCORES
• Age and Grade-level Equivalents.
• Percentile Ranks.
• Standard Scores
TECHNIQUES FOR SUMMARIZING
QUANTITATIVE DATA
• FREQUENCY POLYGONS
• Frequency distribution.
• grouped frequency distribution
HISTOGRAMS AND STEM-LEAF PLOTS

• stem-leaf plot the

• number 149 would be split stem 14 and leaf 9
• 29, 37, 32, 46, 45, 45, 54, 51, 55, 55, 55, 60.
THE NORMAL CURVE
AVERAGES

• The Mode
• The Median
• The Mean.
The Median 27 000 $
The Mean. 75 000 $
SPREADS

• Distribution A: 19, 20, 25, 32, 39

• Distribution B: 2, 3, 25, 30, 75
• For both Mean=27 Median= 25
QUARTILES AND THE FIVE-NUMBER SUMMARY.

• A useful way to describe a skewed distribution, therefore, is to give what is known as a

fivenumber
• the lowest score, the median, and the highest score, the range, (IQR) is the difference
between the third and first quartiles (Q3 − Q1).
THE STANDARD DEVIATION.
THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF A NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION.
STANDARD SCORES
AND THE NORMAL CURVE
• Standard scores
• z Scores.
• T Scores
• T scores are simply z scores expressed in
a different form. To change a z score to a
T score, we simply multiply the z score
by 10 and add 50.