EARTHQUAKE

EPICENTER
INTENSITY
FAULTS
FOCUS
The point within the Earth where
rock under stress breaks.

EPICENTE
TheR point directly above the focus
on the surface
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SEISMIC WAVES
Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the
energy released during an Earthquake.
 TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

BODY WAVES SURFACE WAVES

P WAVES
• fastest wave
• Can travel to any medium. R WAVES
• Waves compress and expands • Move in a vertical way.

S WAVES L WAVES
• Slower than p wave • Move in side-to-side way
• Travel through solid only
• Move up and down
SEISMOGRAP
H
Instrument that
records seismic
waves.
HOW TO LOCATE THE
SOURCE OF EARTHQUAKE ?
• Three station recordings are needed to
locate an epicenter
• Each station determines the time
interval between the arrival of the
first P wave and the first S wave at
their location.
• A travel-time graph is used to
determine each station’s distance to
the epicenter
HOW TO LOCATE THE
SOURCE OF EARTHQUAKE ?

• A circle with a radius equal to

the distance to the epicenter
is drawn around each station
• The point where all three
circles intersect is the
earthquake epicenter.
SIZE AND STRENGTH
OF AN EARTHQUAKE
MAGNITUDE
The measurement of
earthquake strength based on
seismic wavesand movement
along faults
INTENSITY
a measure of the degree of
earthquake shaking at a
given locale based on the
amount of damage
 WAYS TO MEASURE
AN EARTHQUAKE

• Mercalli Scale - Intensity

• Richter Scale - Magnitude
MERCALLI SCALE
 RICHTER SEISMOLOGICAL SCALE
LEVE CATEGOR EARTHQUAKES PER
EFFECTS
L Y YEAR

8.0< Serious Severe destruction and loss of life in large areas Less than 3

7.0-7.9 Higher Serious damage to large areas and loss of life 3-20

6.0-6.9 Strong Moderate damage in populated areas 20-200

5.0-5.9 Moderate Damage to weak structures 200-2,000

4.0-4.9 Light Minor breakage of objects 2,000-12,000

3.0-3.09 Less Some people feel it. no damage 12,000-100,000

1-29 Micro They are not usually felt, but they are registered More than 100,000
 STRONGEST EARTHQUAKES BY MAGNITUDE

MAGNITUD
DATE AND TIME NAME COUNTRY PLACE
E
Valdivia Los
1 May 22, 1960 15:11 9,5 Mw Valdivia Chile
Rios Region

2 December 26, 2004 07:58 9,3 MW Indian Ocean Indonesian Sumatra

3 March 27, 1964 17:36 9,2 MW Alaska United States Anchorage

4 March 11, 2011 2:46 9,1 MW Japan Japan Tohoku

5 November 4, 1952, 16:58 9,0 MW Soviet Union Russia Kamchatka

6 August 12, 1968, 21:30 9,0 MW Peru Peru Arica

TYPE OF FAULTS
• Active Fault
• Inactive Fault
ACTIVE FAULT
Known to have generated
earthquakes withi the last
10,000 years and may stil
continue to generate.
 INACTIVE
FAULT
Do not show signs of ever
having generated an
earthquake in the last
10,000 years.
 STEPS TO FOLLOW DURING THE DRILL

II GET READY II
II LOCATE III
III EVACUATE