MATRICES

LINEAR ALGEBRA
1.1 MATRICES

The english mathematician A. Cayley

introduced the word “matrix” in the year
1858. The meaning of the word is “ that
within which something originates”.
 DEFINITION
An array of mn numbers arranged into m rows
(Horizontal) and n columns (vertical) such as

is called a matrix A of order m x n, or simply a rectangular

matrix. When m=n, the matrix is square, and is called a
matrix of order n or n-square matrix.
A matrix is generally by capital letters such as A or
alternatively by , where the subscript m x n specifies its
order. A square matrix A of order 'n' is denoted by A = [ The
number which appears at the intersection of the ith row and
the jth column is usually referred to as the (i, j th entry of
the matrix A and is denoted by in general.
The entries of a matrix A =[] may be real numbers or
complex numbers. If all the entries are real, the matrix A is
called the Real matrix, otherwise, it is called a complex
matrix. a If A =[] is a square matrix of order n,
 1.2 SPECIAL FORMS OF MATRICES
1.2.1 Column Matrix (Column Vector)
A matrix with only one column (m x 1) is called a column
matrix or a column vector.

1.2.2 Row Matrix (Row Vector)

A matrix with only one row (1 x n) is called a row matrix or row
vector.
1.2.3 Zero or Null Matrix
A matrix A = [] is said to be zero matrix if all its elements are zero
i.e., aij = 0 Ɐ i, j. We denote a zero matrix by ‘O’.
1.2.4 Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix A = [] is said to be a diagonal matrix if = 0 for i ≠ j.
it is of the form
1.2.5 Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are
equal is called a scalar matrix. For example
1.2.6 Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix
A scalar matrix in which all the diagonal elements are ‘1’ is
called a unit matrix.
Thus a square matrix A = =[]of order n is a unit matrix if.
1.2.7 Upper Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A is called an upper triangular matrix. If all the
That's mine!
entries below the diagonal are zero.
Note: That does not exclude the possibility of zeroes occuring as other
entries.
1.2.8 Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A is called a lower triangular matrix.
if all the entries above the diagonal are zero.
 Grammar Lesson

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