MEMBRANE Simple

STRUCTURE AND Diffusion and

Facilitated
FUNCTION Transport
 THE EDGE
PLASMA MEMBRANE: OF LIFE
OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the structure components of the cell
membrane;
2. Explain the function of structures and compositions
of cell membrane;
3. Illustrate simple diffusion and facilitated transport;
and
4. Relate membrane transport system in the current
situation in your locality.
Plasma membrane is the boundary that
separates the living cell from its
surroundings. A remarkable film only
about 8nm thick- it would take over 8000
to equal the thickness of a page of a book.
What are the structures of the membrane
that make its function distinct from the
other organelles of the cell?
FEATURES OF
MEMBRANE
1. Selectively permeable- it allows some
of the substances to cross it more easily
than others.
2. Fluid mosaic- fluid structure of various
proteins.
FUNCTIONS OF
MEMBRANE
1. Protection
2. Regulates transport mechanism
3. Maintains balance temperature
To what can you compare the functions of
the membrane and its
components/structures? Why?
LET’S PONDER..HOW DO YOU
FILTER INFORMATIONS FROM
DIFFERENT SOURCES?
Information from the Information from the
Internet people around you.
COMPONENTS OF
MEMBRANE
1. Phospholipids
2. Carbohydrates
3. Glycoproteins
4. Glycolipids
5. Protein (integral & peripheral)
6. Cholesterol
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN
1. Transport
2. Enzyme activity
3. Signal transduction
4. Cell-cell recognition
5. Intercellular joining
6. Attachment to the cytoskeleton & extracellular
matrix
PERMEABILITY OF LIPID
BILAYER
Nonpolar molecules, such as hydrocarbon,
CO2 and O, are hydrophobic and can therefore
dissolve in the lipid bilayer of the membrane
and can cross it easily without the aid of
membrane proteins.
However, the hydrophobic core impedes the
direct passage of ions and polar molecules
such as glucose and other sugars pass only
slowly through lipid bilayer, even H2O, an
extremely small polar molecule does not cross
very rapidly.
TYPES OF MEMBRANE
TRANSPORT
1. Passive transport
2. Active transport
Passive transport is diffusion of a substance
across a membrane with no energy investment.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules of
any substance so that they spread out evenly
into available space. Yet diffusion of a
population of molecules may be directional.
Diffusion is a continuous process, needing no
input of energy.
Concentration gradient- a region along which
the density of a chemical substance increases
or decreases.
Osmosis- is a form of diffusion. It is the
movement of water across the membranes.
However, the membranes of some cells (e.g.
red blood cells) are very permeable to water as
they have special, highly selective channel
proteins for water, known as aquaporins.
The movement of water across cell membrane
and the balance of water between the cell and
its environment are crucial to organisms.
 WATER BALANCE OF
CELLS WITHOUT WALLS
Tonicity- the ability of a solution to cause a
cell to gain or lose water.
If a cell without a wall is immersed in an
environment that is isotonic to the cell (iso
means “same”, there will be no net movement
of water across the membrane. Water will flow
across the membrane but at the same rate in
both directions.
However, the cell will lose water to its
environment, shrivel and probably die if it is
put in a solution hypertonic (hyper means
“more”) to it.
WATER BALANCE OF CELLS
WITH WALLS
The cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi and
some protests have wall. When such a cell is
immersed in a hypotonic solution, the wall
helps maintain the cell’s water balance.
The relative in elastic wall will expand only so
much before it exerts back a pressure on the
cell that opposes further water uptake. At this
point, the cell becomes turgid (very firm),
which is very healthy state for most plant cell.
If a plant’s cell and their surroundings are
isotonic, there is no net tendency for water to
enter, and the cell become flaccid (limp).
However, a wall is of no advantage if the cell
is immersed in hypertonic environment. In this
case, a plant cell will lose water to its
surrounding and shrink and its plasma
membrane pulls away from its wall. The
phenomenon is called plasmolysis, causes the
plant to wilt and can lead to plant death.
FACILITATED Passive Transport
DIFFUSION Aided by Proteins
A passive diffusion with the help of transport
proteins that spans the membrane is called
facilitated diffusion.
TYPES OF TRANSPORT
PROTEIN
1. Channel protein
2. Carrier protein
Ion channels- another group of special channel
protein many of which function as gated
channels, which open or close in response to a
stimulus. The stimulus may be electrical or
chemical.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT

The Need for Energy to Move Solutes

Against Their Gradients
Active Transport- a crossing of molecules
against its gradient that requires energy. The
transport proteins that move solutes against a
concentration gradient are all carrier proteins.
Sodium-Potassium Pump- a transport system
that is characterized by a change in shape of
transport protein in a manner that translocates
a solute across the membrane.
Sodium-Potassium pump exchanges sodium
(Na+) for potassium (K+) across the plasma
membrane of animal cells.
BULK TRANSPORT
Exocytosis and
ACROSS THE Endocytosis
MEMBRANE
Water and small solutes enter and leave the cell by
diffusing through the lipid bilayer of the
membrane or being pumped or carried across by
transport proteins. However, large molecules, such
as proteins and polysaccharides, as well as larger
particle, generally cross the membrane in bulk by
mechanism that involve packaging in vesicles.
Like active Transport, these process requires
energy.
EXOCYTOSIS
The cellular secretion of biological
molecules by the fusion of vesicles
containing them with the plasma
membrane.
ENDOCYTOSIS
The cell takes in biological molecules and
particulate matter by forming new vesicles
from the plasma membrane. It is the
reverse of Exocytosis.
Activity: create a word mosaic of what you’ve
learned in Cytology. Use short bond paper/
intermediate paper. This is an individual
activity. You can put colour to your output.
THREE TYPES OF
ENDOCYTOSIS
1. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”)
2. Pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”)
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Pair-Share: choose between channel
protein and carrier protein and
explain why you chose this. Relate
the function of this protein to your
situation or real scene of your life.
 MOLECULES DO MOVE

Perform the activity on page 117 and

answer worksheet on page 147. One
output per group.
HOMEWORK

Create a 5x6 post card of Gregor Mendel.

Include his picture(printed or drawn),
complete name, birthday and important
contributions in the field of modern
genetics.