Topic 5 Introduction To DDL

Topic 5
Database Introduction to SQL
Systems •(The content presented in this session has adopted from

the module recommended reading –
Arish Siddiqui •Connolly T, M. and Begg C. E. Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and
Management, 6/E)
Objectives
• Explore basic commands and functions of SQL
• How to use SQL for data administration (to create tables,
indexes, and views)
• How to use SQL for data manipulation (to add, modify,
delete, and retrieve data)
• How to use SQL to query a database to extract useful
information
2
Introduction to SQL
• SQL functions fit into two broad categories:
• Data definition language
• SQL includes commands to:
• Create database objects, such as tables,
indexes, and views
• Define access rights to those database objects
• Data manipulation language
• Includes commands to insert, update, delete, and
retrieve data within database tables
3
Introduction to SQL
(continued)
SQL is relatively easy to learn
Basic command set has vocabulary of less than 100 words
Nonprocedural language
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) prescribes a

standard SQL
Several SQL dialects exist
4
Introduction to SQL (continued)
5
6
7
Creating the Database
Following two tasks must be completed: First task:
Create database structure RDBMS creates physical files that will hold database
Create tables that will hold end-user data Tends to differ substantially from one RDBMS to
another
8
The Database Schema
• Authentication
• Process through which DBMS verifies that only
registered users are able to access database
• Log on to RDBMS using user ID and password created
by database administrator
• Schema
• Group of database objects—such as tables and indexes
—that are related to each other
9
ISO Data types
10
Data Definition
• SQL DDL allows database objects such as schemas, domains, tables,

views, and indexes to be created and destroyed.
• Main SQL DDL statements are:
• CREATE SCHEMA DROP SCHEMA

• CREATE/ALTER DOMAIN DROP DOMAIN
• CREATE/ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE
• CREATE VIEW DROP VIEW
• Many DBMSs also provide:

• CREATE INDEX DROP INDEX
11
Data Definition
• Relations and other database objects exist in an

environment.
• Each environment contains one or more catalogs, and each
catalog consists of set of schemas.
• Schema is named collection of related database objects.
• Objects in a schema can be tables, views, domains,
assertions, collations, translations, etc (having SAME
owner)
12
Creating Table Structures
Use one line per column (attribute) definition
Use spaces to line up attribute characteristics and constraints
Table and attribute names are capitalized
NOT NULL specification
UNIQUE specification
13
Creating Table Structures (continued)
Primary key attributes contain both a NOT NULL and a

UNIQUE specification
RDBMS will automatically enforce referential integrity for

foreign keys
Command sequence ends with semicolon
14
Data Definition Commands
Examine simple database model and database Understand data environment

tables that will form basis for many SQL
examples
15
Tables Explained
• The schema of a table is the table name and its attributes:

Product(PName, Price, Category, Manfacturer)
• A key is an attribute whose values are unique;

we underline a key
16
SQL Indexes
When primary key is Using CREATE INDEX

declared, DBMS Often need additional command, SQL indexes
Composite index
automatically creates indexes can be created on basis
unique index of any selected attribute
Index based on
two or more
attributes
Often used to
prevent data
duplication
17
Table name Attribute names
Tables in SQL
Product
PName Price Category Manufacturer
Gizmo £19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo £29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

We will be using SQL to create this Table
SingleTouch £149.99 Photography Canon
from scratch
MultiTouch £203.99 Household Hitachi
Tuples or rows 18
CREATE DataBase
CREATE DATABASE databasename;
CREATE DATABASE ProductDB;
19
CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);
20
CREATE TABLE Product (
PName varchar(25),
Price double,
Category varchar(25),
Manufacturer varchar(30)
PName Price ); Category Manufacturer
21
Insert DATA
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3

, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
22
Insert Into Product (PName, Price, Category, Manufacturer)
Values (‘Gizmo’, 19.99, ‘Gadgets’, ‘GizmoWorks’),
(‘Powergizmo’, 29.99,’Gadgets’, ‘GizmoWorks’),
(‘SingleTouch’, 149.99, ‘Photography, ‘Canon’),
(‘MultiTouch’, 203.99, ‘Household’, ‘Hitachi’);

Gizmo 19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Powergizmo 29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
SingleTouch 149.99 Photography Canon
MultiTouch 203.99 Household Hitachi
23
Powergizmo Insert into Product

£29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks
Values ( ‘New’,
99.99,
MultiTouch £203.99 ‘Household’,
Household Hitachi
New 99.99£ ‘Canon’
Household Canon
);
24
SQL Constraints
CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype constraint,
....
);
25
Integrity Enhancement Features
Entity integrity
Primary Key
• Referential integrity
Secondary key
• Domain constraints
Set of all unique values permitted for that attribute

• General constraints
e.g. not null

26
Keys and Foreign Keys
Company
CName StockPrice Country
GizmoWorks 25 USA
Key
Canon 65 Japan
Hitachi 15 Japan
Product
Foreign
key
27
Primary Key Constraint

PName varchar(25) NOT NULL
UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY,
Price double,
Category varchar(25) NOT NUL,
);
UNIQUE
Not NULL
28
Foreign Key Constraint
PName varchar(25) NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY
Price double,
Manufacturer varchar(30),
FOREIGN KEY (Manufacturer) REFERENCES Company(CName)
);
Current Table
Manufacture Parent Table
PName Price Category
r StockPri
CName Country
Gizmo £19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks ce
Powergizmo £29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks Gizmo
25 USA
SingleTouc Works
£149.99 Photography Canon
h Canon 65 Japan
29
MultiTouch £203.99 Household Hitachi Hitachi 15 Japan
SQL Constraints
• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

• UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
• PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row
in a table
• FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
• CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
• DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified
• INDEX - Used to create and retrieve data from the database very quickly
30
Check Constraint

UNIQAUE PRIMARY KEY,
Price double CHECK (Price>1),
);
31
Default Constraint

UNIQAUE PRIMARY KEY,
Price double CHECK (Price>1),
Manufacturer varchar(30) DEFAULT ‘canon’
);
32
Indexing
• The CREATE INDEX statement is used to create indexes in
tables.
• Indexes are used to retrieve data from the database quickly.
The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed
up searches/queries
CREATE Index myIndex on Product (

PName varchar(25),
Price double,
Category varchar(25),
);
33
SELECT
SELECT <attributes>
<attributes>
Basic form: (plus FROM
FROM <one <one or
or more
more
many many more relations>
relations>
bells and whistles) WHERE
WHERE <conditions>
<conditions>
SQL Query
34
Simple SQL Query
Product PName Price Category Manufacturer
SELECT
SELECT **
FROM
FROM Product
Product
WHERE
WHERE category=‘Gadgets’
category=‘Gadgets’

“selection”
35
Simple SQL Query
Product PName Price Category Manufacturer
SELECT
SELECT PName,
PName,Price,
Price,Manufacturer
Manufacturer
FROM
FROM Product
Product
WHERE
WHERE Price
Price>>100
100
PName Price Manufacturer

“selection” and SingleTouch £149.99 Canon
“projection” MultiTouch £203.99 Hitachi
36
Selective view
Input Schema
SELECT
SELECT PName,
PName,Price,
Price,Manufacturer
Manufacturer
FROM
FROM Product
Product
WHERE
WHERE Price
Price>>100
100
Answer(PName, Price, Manfacturer)
Output Schema 37
Oracle Apex SQL environment
https://apex.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=4550:1:10356567
2582544
:::::
https://apex.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=4550:1:10356567
2582544
:::::
CREATE TABLE EMP

(EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
JOB VARCHAR2(9),
MGR NUMBER(4),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL NUMBER(7,2),
COMM NUMBER(7,2),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
Conclusion
Introduction to Data Definition Data SQL DDL

SQL Language. Manupilation Commands
41
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Topic 5

Database Introduction to SQL

Systems •(The content presented in this session has adopted from

Basic command set has vocabulary of less than 100 words

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) prescribes a

Following two tasks must be completed: First task:

• SQL DDL allows database objects such as schemas, domains, tables,

• CREATE SCHEMA DROP SCHEMA

• Many DBMSs also provide:

• Relations and other database objects exist in an

Use one line per column (attribute) definition

Use spaces to line up attribute characteristics and constraints

Table and attribute names are capitalized

NOT NULL specification

Primary key attributes contain both a NOT NULL and a

RDBMS will automatically enforce referential integrity for

Command sequence ends with semicolon

Examine simple database model and database Understand data environment

• The schema of a table is the table name and its attributes:

• A key is an attribute whose values are unique;

Product(PName, Price, Category, Manfacturer)

When primary key is Using CREATE INDEX

PName Price Category Manufacturer

Gizmo £19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

Powergizmo £29.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

CREATE DATABASE databasename;

CREATE DATABASE ProductDB;

CREATE TABLE table_name (

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

PName Price Category Manufacturer

Gizmo £19.99 Gadgets GizmoWorks

Powergizmo Insert into Product

CREATE TABLE table_name (

Set of all unique values permitted for that attribute

e.g. not null

CREATE TABLE Product (

• NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

CREATE TABLE Product (

CREATE TABLE Product (

CREATE Index myIndex on Product (

PName Price Category Manufacturer

PName Price Manufacturer

Product(PName, Price, Category, Manfacturer)

Answer(PName, Price, Manfacturer)

CREATE TABLE EMP

Introduction to Data Definition Data SQL DDL

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