Chapter 8

Forced internal convection

 Internal flow (basic equations)
Circular cross section

D Reynold’s number
Cross section area (AC)
 Circular:
L  Rectangular:
 Square:
Rectangular cross section

a Perimeter (P)  Circular cross section

 Circular:
 Rectangular:
b  Square:  Non-circular cross section
L
Surface Area (AS) where, DH = Hydraulic diameter
Square cross section
a
Mass flow rate ()

L a
Heat transfer equations (internal flow)
Case A: Constant surface temperature
Heat transfer (or average heat transfer)
Ts = constant

Log mean temperature difference () Ti To

Heat transfer equations (internal flow)
Case B: Constant external fluid temperature ()
External fluid
Heat transfer (or average heat transfer) T = constant

Log mean temperature difference ()

Ti To
T = given
Overall heat transfer coefficient (U)
Heat transfer equations (internal flow)
Case C: Constant heat flux (q”)
Heat flux
Ts ≠constant

Ti To
Heat transfer

Ts = Tsi Ts = Tso

Conclusion:
 Equations for forced internal convection coefficient

• Laminar flow
 Sieder and Tate
• Turbulent flow
 Dittus and Boelter
 Sieder and Tate
 Gnielinski
• Fully developed laminar flow
 Table 8.1
 Laminar flow (Re < 2300) in Circular tubes
Step 1: Determine bulk temperature:

Step 2: Determine following properties at bulk temperature

Note: If Outlet temperature is unknown, find properties at inlet temperature.

Step 3: Determine (): Dynamic viscosity at surface temperature (Ts)

Step 4: Determine ReD

Note: Use inner diameter.

Step 5: Determine Nusselt Number (From reference book) 𝐷

𝑅𝑒 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 ∗ > 10
𝐿

𝑘
Step 6: Find h h=𝑁𝑢 ∗
𝐷𝑖
 Equations for forced internal convection coefficient

• Laminar flow
 Sieder and Tate
• Turbulent flow
 Dittus and Boelter
 Sieder and Tate
 Gnielinski
• Fully developed laminar flow
 Table 8.1
 Turbulent flow (for Re > 10,000) in Circular tubes
(1. Dittus Boelter Equation)
Step 1: Determine bulk temperature:

Step 2: Determine following properties at bulk temperature

Note: If Outlet temperature is unknown, find properties at inlet temperature.

Step 3: Determine ReD

Note: Use inner diameter.

Step 4: Determine Nusselt Number

If fluid is heated by surface (Ts > Ti): n = 0.4

If fluid is cooled by surface (Ts < Ti): n = 0.3
𝑘
Step 5: Find h h=𝑁𝑢 ∗
𝐷𝑖
 Turbulent flow (for Re > 10,000) in Circular tubes
(2. Sieder and Tate Equation)
Step 1: Determine bulk temperature:

Step 2: Determine following properties at bulk temperature

Note: If Outlet temperature is unknown, find properties at inlet temperature.

Step 3: Determine (): Dynamic viscosity at surface temperature (Ts)

Step 4: Determine ReD

Note: Use inner diameter.

Step 5: Determine Nusselt Number

𝑘 Viscosity
Step 6: Find h h=𝑁𝑢 ∗
𝐷𝑖 correction factor
 Turbulent flow (for 3000 < Re < 5x106) in Circular tubes
(3. Gnielinski)
Step 1: Determine bulk temperature:

Step 2: Determine following properties at bulk temperature:

Note: If Outlet temperature is unknown, find properties at inlet temperature.

Step 3: Determine ReD

Step 4: Determine pipe roughness (e) from figure 8.3

Note: For smooth pipes, e = 0

Step 5: Find relative roughness: e/Di

Step 6: Determine friction factor

 For smooth pipes (e = 0): Petukhov equation

 For rough pipes (e ≠ 0): Colebrook equation

NOTE:
You can also use
Moody chart to find
the friction factor.
 Turbulent flow (for 3000 < Re < 5x106) in Circular tubes
(3. Gnielinski)
Step 6: Find Nusselt number (Gnielinski equation)

𝑘
Step 7: Find h h=𝑁𝑢 ∗
𝐷𝑖
Water at 60oC enters tube of 2.54 cm diameter at a mean flow velocity of 2 cm/s. The tube is 3 m long and the
wall temperature is constant at 80oC.
Properties of water: ρ = 985 kg/m3 CP = 4.18 kJ/kg.oC = 4180 J/kg.oC
µ = 4.71x10-4 kg/m.s k = 0.651 W/m.oC
µs = 3.55x10-4 kg/m.s Pr = 3.02
a) Determine the outlet temperature of water.
b) Determine the heat transfer rate.
Forced internal convection
Ti = 60oC Di = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m u = 2 cm/s = 0.02 m/s L = 3m Ts = 80oC

𝐷
Sieder and Tate 𝑅𝑒 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 ∗ > 10
𝐿
Water flowing at 2 kg/s through a 40 mm diameter tube is to be heated from 25 to 75 oC by maintaining the tube
surface temperature at 100oC. What is the required length for these conditions?
The average properties are as follows:
Cp = 4.181 kJ/kg.oC μ = 5.47x10-4 Pa.s k = 0.643 W/m.oC Pr = 3.56

m = 2 kg/s D = 40mm = 0.04m Ti = 25oC To = 75oC Ts = 100oC (constant)

D 2
Ac   1.256 x10 3 m 2
4
m
Check later
u
Ac

Du D  m  D m 
Re   
 
     1.16 x105 If fluid is being cooled (Ti > Ts): n = 0.3
   Ac    Ac 
If fluid is being heated (Ti < Ts): n = 0.4
ℜ¿ 10 , 000 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡) Since fluid is being heated, n = 0.4

N Nu  0.023N Re
0.8
N Prn  431.7
Water flowing at 2 kg/s through a 40 mm diameter tube is to be heated from 25 to 75 oC by maintaining the tube
surface temperature at 100oC. What is the required length for these conditions?
The average properties are as follows:
Cp = 4181 J/kg.oC μ = 5.47x10-4 Pa.s k = 0.643 W/m.oC Pr = 3.56

m = 2 kg/s D = 40mm = 0.04m Ti = 25oC To = 75oC Ts = 100oC

hD N Nu k
N Nu  h  6940W / m 2 .o C
k D

[ ]
( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑖 ) − (𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑜 )
˙ 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇 𝑜 − 𝑇 𝑖 )=h 𝐴 𝑠
𝑞 𝑎𝑣𝑔= 𝑚
ln
( 𝑇 𝑠 −𝑇 𝑖
𝑇 𝑠− 𝑇𝑜 )
As  1.32m 2
As  DL

L  10.54m
Water is to be heated from 10oC to 80oC as it flows through a 2 cm internal diameter, 7 m long tube. The tube is
equipped with an electric resistance heater which provides uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube.
The outer surface of the heater is well insulated so that in steady operation all the heat generated in the heater is
transferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 8 L/min, determine the
power of the resistance heater. Also estimate the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit.
The average properties are:
ρ = 990.1kg/m3 k=0.637W/m.oC ν=μ/ρ = 0.602x10-6 m2/s Cp 4180 J/kg.oC Pr = 3.91

Ti = 10oC To = 80oC D = 2cm = 0.02m L=7m q= constant

8L Du Du
V   1.33x10  4 m 3 / s Re    1.41x10 4
min  
D 2
Ac   3.14 x10  4 m 2
4
V
u  0.425m / s
Ac
m  uAc  0.132kg / s
Water is heated, thus n = 0.4
q  m Cp (To  Ti )  38627W
Water is to be heated from 10oC to 80oC as it flows through a 2 cm internal diameter, 7 m long tube. The tube is
equipped with an electric resistance heater which provides uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube.
The outer surface of the heater is well insulated so that in steady operation all the heat generated in the heater is
transferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 8 L/min, determine the
power of the resistance heater. Also estimate the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit.
The average properties are:
ρ = 990.1kg/m3 k=0.637W/m.oC ν=μ/ρ = 0.602x10-6 m2/s Cp 4180 J/kg.oC Pr = 3.91

Ti = 10oC To = 80oC D = 2cm = 0.02m L=7m q= constant

hD N Nu k
N Nu  0.023N N  82.8
0 .8
Re
n
Pr
N Nu  h  2638W / m 2 .o C
k D

q  m Cp (To  Ti )  hAs (Tsi  Ti )  hAs (Tso  To )

q  hAs (Tso  To )

q  h(DL)(Tso  To )

Tso  113 .3o C

90oC hot water moves at 4 m/s through a steel pipe (ID = 2.5 cm, thickness = 0.8 mm) and 20 oC engine oil flow
across the pipe at 7 m/s. The properties are as follows:
For water: ρ = 965 kg/m3 μ = 3.15x10-4 kg/(m.s) k = 0.676 W/m.oC Pr = 1.98
For oil: ρ = 876 kg/m3 ν = 0.00024 m2/s k = 0.144 W/m.oC Pr = 2870
a) Determine the convection coefficients, hi and ho.
For hot water: Forced internal flow  Chapter 8 Oil (ho)
20oC

Water (hi)
90oC
t Di
Dittus Boelter
If fluid is heated: n = 0.4
If fluid is cooled: n = 0.3
Hot water will lose heat  Hot water is cooled (n=0.3)
Do=Di+2t
90oC hot water moves at 4 m/s through a steel pipe (ID = 2.5 cm, thickness = 0.8 mm) and 20 oC engine oil flow
across the pipe at 7 m/s. The properties are as follows:
For water: ρ = 965 kg/m3 μ = 3.15x10-4 kg/(m.s) k = 0.676 W/m.oC Pr = 1.98
For oil: ρ = 876 kg/m3 ν = 0.00024 m2/s k = 0.144 W/m.oC Pr = 2870
a) Determine the convection coefficients, hi and ho.
For engine oil: Forced external flow  Chapter 8

Hilpert

𝑃𝑟 ≥ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.4 ≤ 𝑅 𝑒 𝐷 ≤ 400,000

From table 7.2: C = 0.683 m =0.466
90oC hot water moves at 4 m/s through a steel pipe (ID = 2.5 cm, thickness = 0.8 mm) and 20 oC engine oil flow
across the pipe at 7 m/s. The properties are as follows:

b) Determine the pipe inside thermal resistance.

c) Determine the pipe outside thermal resistance.

Assume L = 1 m
90oC hot water moves at 4 m/s through a steel pipe (ID = 2.5 cm, thickness = 0.8 mm) and 20 oC engine oil flow
across the pipe at 7 m/s. The properties are as follows:

d) Determine the total thermal resistance

e) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (UO) Oil (ho)
20oC

q
Conductivity of pipe (kpipe) is not given.
Water (hi)
Pipe thickness is very small (t=0.0008m), hence we can assume
90oC
t Di

Do=Di+2t
Exhaust gases at 210oC (mass velocity = 0.003 kg/s) enter a thin walled pipe. The diameter, length and surface
temperature of the pipe are 6mm, 20m and 90oC respectively. The pipe experiences cross flow of air at 20oC with
a velocity of 5m/s. The properties are as follows:
Exhaust gas: CP = 1012 J/kg.K Pr = 0.694 µ = 221.6x10-7 N.s/m2 k = 0.0323 W/m.K
Air: ν = 14.87x10-6 m2/s k = 0.0254 W/m.K Pr = 0.71 Prs = 0.698
a) Determine the convection coefficient inside the pipe. Write the name of the correlation used.
For exhaust gas: Forced internal flow  Chapter 8
Air
(20oC)

Exhaust gas
(210oC)

Thin tube
Di=Do=6 mm
Exhaust gases at 210oC (mass velocity = 0.003 kg/s) enter a thin walled pipe. The diameter, length and surface
temperature of the pipe are 6mm, 20m and 90oC respectively. The pipe experiences cross flow of air at 20oC with
a velocity of 5m/s. The properties are as follows:
Exhaust gas: CP = 1012 J/kg.K Pr = 0.694 µ = 221.6x10-7 N.s/m2 k = 0.0323 W/m.K
Air: ν = 14.87x10-6 m2/s k = 0.0254 W/m.K Pr = 0.71 Prs = 0.698
a) Determine the convection coefficient inside the pipe. Write the name of the correlation used.

𝑅𝑒=28728 (𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) Air

(20oC)
Dittus Boelter q
If fluid is heated: n = 0.4
If fluid is cooled: n = 0.3 Exhaust gas
(210oC)
Exhaust gas will lose heat  Exhaust gas is cooled (n=0.3)

Thin tube
Di=Do=6 mm
Exhaust gases at 210oC (mass velocity = 0.003 kg/s) enter a thin walled pipe. The diameter, length and surface
temperature of the pipe are 6mm, 20m and 90oC respectively. The pipe experiences cross flow of air at 20oC with
a velocity of 5m/s. The properties are as follows:
Exhaust gas: CP = 1012 J/kg.K Pr = 0.694 µ = 221.6x10-7 N.s/m2 k = 0.0323 W/m.K
Air: ν = 14.87x10-6 m2/s k = 0.0254 W/m.K Pr = 0.71 Prs = 0.698
b) Determine the convection coefficient outside the pipe. Write the name of the correlation used.
For air: Forced external flow  Chapter 7

Zukauskas

Pr = 0.698 < 10  n = 0.37

From table 7.4: C = 0.26 m = 0.6
Exhaust gases at 210oC (mass velocity = 0.003 kg/s) enter a thin walled pipe. The diameter, length and surface
temperature of the pipe are 6mm, 20m and 90oC respectively. The pipe experiences cross flow of air at 20oC with
a velocity of 5m/s. The properties are as follows:
Exhaust gas: CP = 1012 J/kg.K Pr = 0.694 µ = 221.6x10-7 N.s/m2 k = 0.0323 W/m.K
Air: ν = 14.87x10-6 m2/s k = 0.0254 W/m.K Pr = 0.71 Prs = 0.698
c) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (U).
Air
(20oC)
q

Exhaust gas
(210oC)

Thin tube
Di=Do=6 mm
Exhaust gases at 210oC (mass velocity = 0.003 kg/s) enter a thin walled pipe. The diameter, length and surface
temperature of the pipe are 6mm, 20m and 90oC respectively. The pipe experiences cross flow of air at 20oC with
a velocity of 5m/s. The properties are as follows:
Exhaust gas: CP = 1012 J/kg.K Pr = 0.694 µ = 221.6x10-7 N.s/m2 k = 0.0323 W/m.K
Air: ν = 14.87x10-6 m2/s k = 0.0254 W/m.K Pr = 0.71 Prs = 0.698
d) Determine the outlet temperature of the exhaust gas.
Air
L = 20m (T∞=20oC)
q

Exhaust gas
(Ti=210oC)

Thin tube
Di=Do=6 mm
Exhaust gases at 210oC (mass velocity = 0.003 kg/s) enter a thin walled pipe. The diameter, length and surface
temperature of the pipe are 6mm, 20m and 90oC respectively. The pipe experiences cross flow of air at 20oC with
a velocity of 5m/s. The properties are as follows:
Exhaust gas: CP = 1012 J/kg.K Pr = 0.694 µ = 221.6x10-7 N.s/m2 k = 0.0323 W/m.K
Air: ν = 14.87x10-6 m2/s k = 0.0254 W/m.K Pr = 0.71 Prs = 0.698
e) Determine the log mean temperature difference of the exhaust gas.
Air
(T∞=20oC)
q

Exhaust gas
(Ti=210oC)

f) Determine the heat transfer per unit length.

Thin tube
Di=Do=6 mm
 Internal flow in non-circular pipes
For circular pipes
Laminar flow:  Sieder and Tate
Turbulent flow:  Dittus and Boelter
 Sieder and Tate
 Gnielinski
The equation for non-circular pipes is same as circular pipes.
Just replace diameter (D) with hydraulic diameter (DH)
Ac = cross sectional area
P = wetted perimeter
Internal flow in non-circular pipes

Do Di

a
L
b
Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 85oC enters a 10 m long uninsulated square duct of cross section 0.15m x
0.15 m that passed through the attic of a house at a rate of 0.1 m 3/s. The duct is observed to be nearly isothermal
at 70oC. Determine the exit temperature of the air and the rate of heat loss from the duct to the air space in the
attic. The average properties at 1 atm are as follows:
ρ=0.9994kg/m3 k= 0.02953 W/m2.oC ν = 2.097x10-5m2/s Cp=1008J/kg.oC Pr = 0.7154

Ti = 85oC L = 10 m w= 0.15 m Ts = 70oC (constant) V  0.1m 3 / s

P  2 w  2 w  0.6m
DH u DH u
As  PL  6m 2 Re    3.18 x10 4
 
Ac  w * w  0.0225m 2
4 Ac
DH   0.15m
P
V
u  4.444m / s
Ac

m  uAc  0.09994kg / s Air is cooled, thus n = 0.3

N Nu  0.023N Re
0 .8
N Prn  83.16

𝑁 𝑁𝑢 𝑘 2 𝑜
h= =16.4 𝑊 / 𝑚 . 𝐶
𝐷𝐻

𝑜
→ 𝑇𝑜=75.6 6 𝐶

→𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑔 =− 941.2𝑊
 Equations for forced internal convection coefficient

• Laminar flow
 Sieder and Tate
• Turbulent flow
 Dittus and Boelter
 Sieder and Tate
 Gnielinski
• Fully developed laminar flow
 Table 8.1
For circular cross section

f*Re

or
For square cross section

f*Re
For rectangular cross section

f*Re
f*Re