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Five 1
Five 1
Five 1
Communications
Networks
12/11/23 1
Lecture Outline
Introduction
Why Communication Network
Basic Components in CN
Channels and Media
Physical Transmission Media
Types of CN
Network Topologies(Bus, Ring and Star)
Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access
Uses of CN
12/11/23 2
Communications Networks (CN)
Many organizations today could not survive
without CN to service the info. processing
and comm. needs of their end users.
CN is becoming minimum requirement for
organizations.
As managerial end user you will be
expected to participate in decisions
regarding a great variety of CN options.
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Communications Networks
What are Communications Networks?
Process in which two or more computers or devices transfer data,
instructions, and information via wires or wirelessly.
mainframe
computers
notebook Web-enabled
smart
computers servers PDAs
phones
GPS
receivers
desktop
computers
mainframe
computers
set-top boxes
Tablet PCs
12/11/23 4
Communications Networks
What are the reasons to network?
To
Toshare
share
Resources
Resources
Hardware
Hardware
devices
devices Software
Software
programs
programs To save
Data
To save
Data time
time
Information
Information and
and
money
money
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Basic Components in CN
Computers
Terminals Communications 4
Processors/Devices
1
2 3 2 5
Communications
Software
Communications
Channels and Media
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CN: Basic Components
1. Terminals
2. Com. Processors/Devices
3. Com. Channels and Media
4. Computers
5. Com. SW
These five basic components must be at work to support
NW activities
Use this (simple) frame work (model) to help you
understand the various types of NWS
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Terminals
Microcomputer
Video terminals
Any I/O device that use com. networks (telephones, office
equip.)
Processors/Devices
Support data transmission and reception between terminals and
computers
e.g. Modems convert data from digital to
analog and back
Code and decode data
Control the accuracy and efficiency of the
comm. flows
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Modems
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Modem: Modem:
modulation Analog signals over
demodulation
communications
channels
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CN: Channels and Media
Data are transmitted and received over channels
Com. channels use combinations of media such
as
copper wire
coaxial cables
fiber optic cables
microwave systems and
comm. satellites
to interconnect the other NW components
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CN: Software
Controls and manages the functions of NWs
12/11/23 11
CN: Processors/Devices
What is a dial-up modem?
Converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa
Notebook computers often use PC Card modem
12/11/23 12
CN: Processors/Devices
What is a network card?
Adapter card or PC
Card that enables
computer or device to
access network
Sometimes called
network interface
card (NIC)
12/11/23 13
CN: Processors/Devices
What is a wireless access point?
Central
communications device
that allows computers
and devices to transfer
data wirelessly among
themselves or to wired
network
12/11/23 14
CN: Processors/Devices
What is a router?
Connects computers and
transmits data to correct
destination on network
12/11/23 15
CN: Processors/Devices
What is a hub?
Device that provides central
point for cables in network
12/11/23 16
CN: Channel
What is a channel?
Transmission media on which data travels in
communications system
Transmission media
are materials capable of
carrying one or more
signals Bandwidth is amount of
data that can travel
over channel
12/11/23 17
Physical Transmission Media
What is physical transmission media?
Wire cable, Transfer Rates for Various Types of LANs Using Physical Transmission Media
and other
tangible
materials used
to send
communications
signals
12/11/23 18
Physical Transmission Media
What are twisted-pair cable and coaxial cable?
Twisted-pair cable is used for telephone systems and network cabling
Coaxial cable is often used for cable television wiring
12/11/23 19
Physical Transmission Media
What is fiber-optic cable?
Capable of carrying
significantly more
data at faster speeds
than wire cables
Less susceptible
to interference
(noise) and, therefore,
more secure
Smaller size (thinner
and lighter)
12/11/23 20
Wireless Transmission Media
What is wireless transmission media?
Used when inconvenient, impractical, or impossible to
install cables
Includes Bluetooth and IrDA
12/11/23 21
Wireless Transmission Media
What are broadcast radio and cellular radio?
Broadcast radio
distributes radio
signals over long and
short distances
Cellular radio
is form of broadcast
radio used for mobile
communications
12/11/23 22
Wireless Transmission Media
What is a microwave station?
Earth-based
reflective
dish used for
microwave
communications
Must transmit in
straight line with
no obstructions
12/11/23 23
Wireless Transmission Media
What is a communications satellite?
Space station
that receives
microwave signals
from earth-based
station, amplifies
signals, and
broadcasts signals
back to any number
of earth-based
stations
12/11/23 24
Types of CN
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Client/Server Computing
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Intranets and Extranets
The Internet
12/11/23 25
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Network in limited
geographical area such as
home or office building
Allow end users
to comm. electronically
to share HW
to share SW
to share Data resources
12/11/23 26
Client/Server Networks
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Peer-to-Peer Networks
Simple network
that connects
fewer than 10
computers
Each computer, or
peer, has equal
capabilities
12/11/23 28
Peer-to-Peer Networks
What is Internet peer-to-peer
(P2P)?
Enables users to connect
to each other’s hard
disks and exchange files
directly
12/11/23 29
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Network that covers large
geographic area using
many types of media
also called
Remote network
Long-distance networks
Metropolitan area networks
can also be included in
this category.
Internet is world’s
largest WAN
12/11/23 30
Intranets and Extranets
What is an intranet?
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Network Topologies
12/11/23 32
Network Topologies: Bus NW
All computers and devices
connect to central cable,
or bus
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Network Topologies: Bus NW
Local computers share the same bus, or comm. channel.
No central server
Each device transmits electronic messages to other devices
More decentralized
If messages collide, the device waits and tries to retransmit.
12/11/23 34
Network Topologies: Ring NW
Cable forms closed ring,
or loop, with all
computers and devices
arranged along ring
12/11/23 35
Network Topologies: Ring NW
No central server
A bit pattern ‘‘Token’’ determines which user can
send.
More decentralized
Messages flow in only one direction
No danger of collisions
If a connection is broken, the entire network stops
working
12/11/23 36
Network Topologies: Star NW
All devices connect to a
central device, called hub
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Network Topologies: Star NW
12/11/23 38
Wireless Computer Networks and Internet
Access
provides high-speed wireless access to the Internet for PCs and
mobile devices.
high-speed services have extended Internet access to numerous
locations
Internet services and have made ubiquitous computing,
anywhere, anytime, a reality
Bluetooth: personal area networks
It links up to eight devices within a 10-meter area using low-
power, radio-based communication and can transmit up to 722
Kbps in the 2.4-GHz band.
Wi-Fi and Wireless Internet Access
The 802.11 set of standards for wireless LANs and wireless Internet access is
also known as Wi-Fi.
Hotspot : Location with one or more access points providing wireless Internet
access
12/11/23 39
Wireless LAN
12/11/23 40
Wireless LAN
Limitation of Wi-Fi networks is susceptibility to interference
from nearby system operating in the same spectrum
such as wireless phone ,microwave oven or other wireless
LAN
but it can overcome by the wireless based network standard on
802.11n .
Using multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology
WiMAX: stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access.
IEEE standards 802.16
It cover a distance of 30miles
30-40 MB up to 1GB a transmission speed
12/11/23 41
Wireless LAN
Wireless Sensor Networks
networks of interconnected wireless devices that are embedded in the
physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large
spaces.
have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and
antennas
linked into an interconnected network that routes the data they capture to
a computer for analysis
networks range from hundreds to thousands of nodes
are valuable for uses such as
monitoring environmental changes; monitoring traffic or military activity;
protecting property; efficiently operating and managing machinery and vehicles;
establishing security perimeters; monitoring supply chain management; or
detecting chemical, biological, or radiological material.
12/11/23 42
Wireless Sensor Networks
12/11/23 43
Wireless Sensor Networks
Internet of Things (IoT)
the network of physical objects or ‘things’ embedded with
electronics , software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data
IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors
12/11/23 44
Internet of Things (IoT)
Key feature of IoT
12/11/23 45
Internet of Things (IoT)
Advantages of IoT
Improved customer engagement
Technology optimization
Reduced waste
Enhanced data collection
Effective management of resources
Environment monitoring
Smart home equipment
12/11/23 46
Internet of Things (IoT)
Limitation of IoT
As the number of connected devices increases and more information
is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also increases.
If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device
will become corrupted.
Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with
each other.
Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe
even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data
from all those devices will be challenging
12/11/23 47
Uses of CN
What are some uses of communications technology?
Web
Internet E-Mail
Instant
Messaging Chat Rooms Newsgroups FTP
Fax Machine
Video
or Computer
Conferencing
Fax/Modem
12/11/23 48
Uses of CN
What are Internet telephony and Internet printing?
Internet telephony
enables you to talk
to other people over
the Internet Internet printing
Sometimes called allows you to print
Voice over IP
to network printer
from anywhere in
the world
12/11/23 49
Uses of CN
What are collaboration and
groupware?
Collaboration is working
with other users connected
to a server
Microsoft’s NetMeeting
allows collaboration
Groupware is software
that allows people
to share
information
12/11/23 50
Uses of CN
What are public Internet
access point and cybercafé?
Public Internet access
point allows wireless
connection to Internet
in public location
Cybercafé is coffee
house that provides
computers with
Internet access
12/11/23 51
Uses of CN
What is a global positioning system (GPS)?
Step 1.
GPS satellites orbit Step 2.
Earth. Every A GPS receiver
thousandth of a (such as in a car,
second, each satellite a PDA, a watch,
sends a signal that a handheld
indicates its current device, or a
position to the GPS collar)
server. determines its
location on Earth
by analyzing at
least 3 separate
satellite signals
from the 24
satellites in orbit.
12/11/23 52
Uses of CN
What are voice mail and short message service (SMS)?
Voice mail is voice message converted to digital form
Short message service (SMS) allows smart phone,
cellular telephone, or PDA users to send and receive
text messages
12/11/23 53
How Google Works
12/11/23 54