Learning: Factors

and Processes

Hadjer Gouasmia Group 2

 Input
Defines as oral and written corpus of target 2) the second condition accessibility:
language important as the first one but less obvious.
It has two conditions : availibility and Input should be linguistically and cognitively
accessibility accessible to learner .
● 1) availibility : input is either available or
learners find it .
● Availibility has three types which are ;
● a/ interlanguage input : still developing
by the learners .
● b/ simplified input : the simple and clear
language that the teachers and writers used
outside the classroom .
● c/ nonsimplified input : the use of
language without any features or
characteristics as it is in the media.
 Input

Available Important Accessibility

Interlanguage Simplified Non-simplified

input input input
The language
input that is
available but
not accessible ,
Various Form ino more than
noise
 Intake

Intake processes:

are cognitive mechanisms that at once mediate between, and interact

with, input data and intake factors. They consist of mental operations
that are specific to language learning as well as those that are required
for general problem-solving activities. As procedures and operations
that are internal to the learner, intake processes remain the most vital
and the least understood link in the input-intake-output . This process
including factors.
 Intake

Internal Factors External Factors

 Internal Factors

Individual Factors Affective Factors

Age Anxiety Attitudes Motivation

 External Factors

Environmental
Negotiation Factors Tactical Factors Knowledge Factors
Factors

Language
Interaction Learning Strategies Social Context
Knowledge

Communication
Interpretation Metalanguage Educational Context
Strategies
 Output
. Refers to the oral or writing utterances produced by the learners
. The 3 major sources of input are the result of an interplay between intake factors and process.

Interlangual Input Simplified Input Nonsimplified Input

Intake Factors and

Process

. Output has been considered as evidence of what has already been learned .
. According to Merril Swain :
 Merril Swain:
Output
a/ delivering a message is conveyed precisely , coherently and
appropriately.
b/ she confirmed that production may lead from semantic to syntactic
process .
c/ she identified 3 function : The The The
1) the noticing function : possibility of the learner to try to Noticing Hypothes Metaling
communicate in which they may faced linguistic problem . in Function is Testing uistic
which they will develop linguistic skills .
2) the hypothesis-testing : relates to the possibility of the learners when
they use their still developing TL.they can devide what is wrong
and what is not . Moreover, once they take part in negotiated
interplay and receive
bad feedback, they may be probably to check exceptional hypotheses
approximately a selected linguistic system.
3) the metalinguistic : refers to the possibility of the learners that may
be consciously thinking about language and its system. So as to
build correct and produce correct utterance .