NME3539

Process Measurement & Control

Lecture 1

•Conventional process
control loops

•Energy conservation
equation

•Steady flow energy

equation

1
 Learning Objectives
• Understand the conventional process control
loop.
• Derive the energy conservation equation for an
open system.
• Derive the Steady flow energy equation for an
open system.
• Apply the steady flow energy equation to
determine the power developed by a:
(i) Windmill
(ii)Hydroelectric dam
(iii) Heating system.
Conventional process control loop
 Control Systems
• Open loop control • Closed loop control
system system

Input Output)
Input) Output Process
Process

• A washing machine
• Temperature control
• Smoke detector
• Level control
• Burglar alarm
• When the reactor contents are at the set-point
temperature neither steam or cooling water
will flow.
• When the reactor contents are below the set
point temperature steam will flow.
• When the reactor contents exceed the set
point temperature, cooling water will flow
 Energy Conservation in an open system
This is an example of an open system in which there is an
exchange of energy and/or materials with its surrounding e.g
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
 Energy Conservation Equation
• For an “open” system, from which, material
flows into and out of, the energy conservation
equation can be written in the form;
 -
EQUATION….
Mass flow internal energy per unit mass at
rate into inlet + potential energy per unit
Rate of  mass at inlet + kinetic energy
system
change of per unit mass at inlet.
system
energy

=
internal energy per unit mass at

+
(internal, Mass flow outlet + potential energy per unit
rate out of  mass at outlet + kinetic energy
system per unit mass at outlet .
potential
and

-
kinetic)
with Rate of addition of heat to system by reaction,
time. conduction and radiation (  )

Rate of which system does work on surroundings

(shaft work and pv work) (w)
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Let us consider the following system. The energy
(internal, potential and kinetic) is equal to E.

Inlet E outlet

“System” ( shaft or paddle

work, e.g; turbine)
• Definition of terms:
density
volumetric flow rate
pressure
specific volume
(i.e; volume per unit mass)
specific internal energy Joules
specific enthalpy Joules
temperature °C or °K
velocity
height above some reference datum
specific heat at constant pressure
 net rate of heat flow into system (watts)
rate of “shaft” work done by system (watts)
molar concentrations of component a
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Its is important at the stage to understand that “ shaft” or
“paddle” work is not the only work done on or by the system.
• Consider the fluid emerging from the system.
Exit from the system
system Fluid on the
P1 outside of the
system

“imaginary boundary”
Cross sectional area of exit = A

• Let us consider 1 kg (unit mass) of fluid emerging

from the system. This fluid must ‘push out of the
way’ the fluid which is already on the outside of the
system.
 Energy Conservation Equation
• The system “pushes” with a force equal to
*
• For 1 kg (unit mass) of fluid to emerge from
the system, this force must be maintained
over a distance equal to
* 
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Thus, the work which the system does in
“pushing away” the fluid on the outside of the
system is, (per unit mass of fluid emerging
from the system), equal to
*) * ( )
1
Force * distance .…
• Similarly, at the inlet, the work (per unit mass
entering the system) which is done on the2
system is equal to ….
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Note also that “gravitational potential energy”
of a mass is equal to and is the vertical
height above some appropriate datum.
• Thus, the gravitational potential energy per
unit mass at the inlet is equal to …..
• The gravitational energy per unit mass at the
3

outlet is equal to …..

4
 Energy Conservation Equation
• The kinetic energy of a mass is equal to
where is the velocity of the mass.
• Thus, the kinetic energy per unit mass at the
inlet = …….
• The kinetic energy per unit mass at the 5
outlet = ……
6
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Combining equations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 with
the energy conservation equation gives
= + ½+ ½+
  …….
7

(rate of (rate of “𝜌v (rate of “𝜌v

“paddle” work” done on work” done on
surroundings system by
work) by system) surroundings)
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Equation 7 may be rewritten as

8
Now
……
where is the specific enthalpy of the fluid and9 is
the specific internal energy.
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Furthermore,
….. 10

where is the specific heat capacity, at constant

pressure, of the fluid.
• From 9 and 10 we may write;
……
11

and
…...
12
 Energy Conservation Equation
• The energy conservation equation now
becomes:-

….
• This is a very commonly encountered form of 13

the energy conservation equation and one

which should be well understood by you.
 Energy Conservation Equation
• A commonly used derivation of the energy
conservation equation is the “steady flow
energy equation”.
• The steady flow energy equation assumes that
the mass flow at the inlet and the mass flow
rate at the outlet are equal:- 14

…..
• It is also assumed that properties within the
open system do not vary with time.
15
0 ……
 Energy Conservation Equation
• The steady flow energy equation also assumes that “heat
transfer” and “work done” occurs at a uniform rate.
• Applying 14 and 15 to 13 allows us to write down the “steady
flow energy equation” thus;

Or
….
16

• Equation 16 provide the basic means for studying the relation

between HEAT, WORK and the FLUID properties at the inlet and
outlet of an open system. It allows study of most open system
which are of importance in engineering.
 Energy Conservation Equation
• Note that in some systems

• Note also that is  the NET RATE of heat input

and is the RATE at which paddle or shaft, work
is done.
 Application of steady flow energy equation

[
𝜆−𝑊 𝑠 =𝜌 𝑄 𝐶 𝑝 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 0 ) +0.5 ( 𝑆1 −𝑆 0 )+𝑔 ( 𝑍 1 −𝑍 0 )
2 2
]
Power generated by a Windmill

=0, , , =0

=0
=

(Air flow rate)

(rotor blade area)

(Total Power generated by windmill )

Hydroelectric dam

[
𝜆−𝑊 𝑠 =𝜌 𝑄 𝐶 𝑝 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 0 ) +0.5 ( 𝑆1 −𝑆 0 )+𝑔 ( 𝑍 1 −𝑍 0 )
2 2
]
Power generated by a Hydroelectric dam

=0, , , =0

(water falls down a cliff)

=
 Heating system

[
𝜆−𝑊 𝑠 =𝜌 𝑄 𝐶 𝑝 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 0 ) +0.5 ( 𝑆1 −𝑆 0 )+𝑔 ( 𝑍 1 −𝑍 0 )
2 2
]
Rate of heat generated by a Heating System
, ,=0
=

=
 Practice Exercise 1
Two wind turbines and are used to generate
power for a farm. If the ratio between the radius
of the turbine rotor blades of and is 0.7. Show
that the total power output from the two
turbines is given as

The wind speed and air density are given as

respectively.
• What factor(s) would affect the total power
out from the wind turbine?
 Solution 1

• But
• =0.7

• Total power generated by and

• =+
•
 Practice Exercise 2
A steam central heating boiler in a lecture theatre is
required to heat water from a temperature to .
Water flows through the boiler at a rate, . The specific
heat capacity of water and density of water are given
as and respectively. The boiler has not been
serviced for a long period and has an efficiency of
75%. Using the steady flow energy equation, derive
an expression for the rate of heat supplied from the
gas central heating boiler in terms of the change in
water temperature, specific heat capacity, water
density and flow rate of water through the boiler.
 Solution 2

, ,=0

=
(change in water temp.)
=