TEST OF DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN MEANS
 Comparison between T- test and ANOVA
• when the population means of only two groups is to be compared,
the t-test is used, but when means of more than two groups are to be
compared, ANOVA is preferred.
 Types of T- Test
• An Independent Samples t-test compares the means for two groups.
• a useful statistical method of hypothesis testing when an organization wants to determine
whether there is a statistical difference between two categories, groups, or items and,
furthermore, if there is a statistical difference, whether that difference is significant.
• In independent samples (or unpaired sample), the values come from two or more different
groups. For example, if the group of men and the group of women are asked about their
income, independent samples exist. In this case, a person from one sample cannot be assigned
to a person from the other sample.
• an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant difference
between the means in two unrelated groups.
Independent Samples T- test
Independent Samples T- test
Independent Samples T- test
Example #1: you could use an independent t-test to understand whether financial status of
employees differed based on gender (i.e., your dependent variable would be " financial status
of employees " and your independent variable would be "gender", which has two groups: "male"
and "female").

Conclusion: Result concludes that there is significant difference between financial status of employees when based
on their gender implying that female obtained lower financial status when compared to male employees with mean
difference of (-0.18145).
 Types of T- Test
• A Paired sample t-test compares means from the same group at different
times (say, one year apart).
• compares the means of two measurements taken from the same individual,
object, or related units. These "paired" measurements can represent things like: A
measurement taken at two different times (e.g., pre-test and post-test score with an
intervention administered between the two time points)
Types of T- Test
Types of T- Test
 Types of T- Test

From the results, we can say that:

•English and Math scores were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.804, p < 0.05).
•There was a significant average difference between English and Math scores (t59 = 5.294, p < 0.05).
•On average, English scores were 2.48 points higher than Math scores.
•Result indicates that the null hypothesis is rejected.
 Types of T- Test
• A One sample t-test tests the mean of a single group against a known
mean.
• examines whether the mean of a population is statistically different from a
known or hypothesized value.
• Note: The One Sample t Test can only compare a single sample mean
to a specified constant. It can not compare sample means between
two or more groups. If you wish to compare the means of multiple
groups to each other, you will likely want to run an Independent
Samples t Test (to compare the means of two groups) or a One-Way
ANOVA (to compare the means of two or more groups).
 One sample T test- SPSS Output

Conclusion: Result indicates that there exist statistically significant difference between financial status of
employees with corresponding p value< 0.05 level of significance.
 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
• The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine
whether there are any statistically significant differences between the
means of two or more independent (unrelated) groups (although you
tend to only see it used when there are a minimum of three, rather
than two groups).
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
 ANOVA EXAMPLE
Problem: Suppose you want to know if there exist significant
difference of student Math score based on their age.

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 ANOVA EXAMPLE
Problem: Suppose you want to know if there exist significant
difference of student Math score based on their age.

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