ENGLISH

Quarter 2
 MASTERING ROOTS,
PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES

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Root words- simplest form of the word with independent
meaning.

Ex: kind
unkind, in-kind (prefix)
kindness, kindly, kindhearted (suffix)
Variants- called to words that have been formed from the
use of suffixes , prefixes, and compounds.

Both a suffix and a prefix may be added to a root as in the

word
unkindness.
COMMUNICATIVE STYLES
FOR VARIOUS SITUATIONS

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Intimate-
• used between people who know each other well.
• endearments, special language are often used.
• non-verbal communication like facial expressions and
gestures are present in this communicative style.
Casual-
• informal/casual kind of communicative style that is
often used with friends or family members.
• Slang words and colloquialisms may be used.
• Grammar is simplified.
Consultative-
• Polite/formal words are used.
• We use standard rules of grammar when speaking.
• This is often characterized by the speaker giving
background info about the topic then the listener
participates in the conversation and gives feedback
about it.
Frozen-
• Prepared beforehand.
• There is almost no interaction.
• It is formulaic and symbolic.
 UNDERSTANDING
ARGUMENTATION AND ITS
FORMS

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Argumentation-a form of discourse by means
which we try to persuade others by truth or falsity
of disputed matter.
Two Kinds of Evidence in an Argument
Direct evidence
Indirect or Circumstantial evidence

Ex: Witness at a crime scene.

Other forms of evidence:
• Argument from antecedent(follow up action)
probability.
Ex: There will be a price increase in minimum fare,
because the petrol also increases.
Other forms of evidence:
2. Argument from analogy
(resemblance/comparison)
Ex: “You have to be as busy as a bee to get good
grades in high school.”
Other forms of evidence:
3. Argument from example
Ex: Smoking is bad to your health. The effects can
be seen on the cigarette packets.
 Persuasion and Conviction
Persuasion-
• appeals to emotions; it seeks to produce action.
Conviction-
• appeals mainly to logical reason; it seeks to
move the mind.
The proportion of conviction and persuasion in an
argument depends on several factors.
• If the audience is highly educated and
intelligent. (conviction)
• If the audience is hostile.(unfriendly/different)
(persuasion)
3. If the speaker wants to produce action, he should
use more persuasion. Debaters as a rule use more
conviction; political speeches and editorials use
more persuasion.
Propaganda-
common form of argumentation.
It presents only one side/bias of a proposition and is
a sustained, organized attempt to make others
accept a decision and act in accordance with that
decision.
Ex: Politics, religion, business
Brainwashing- type of argument that uses coercion.
It is the use of force or threat.
 Types of Reasoning
Deductive reasoning- general to specific
Ex: Christmas is always Dec. 25th; today is Dec.
25th, therefore it's Christmas.
 Syllogism

The most powerful type of

deductive reasoning.
The law of syllogism is based on a three lines pattern, where the
two first lines connect the first to the second statement, and the
second to the third statement. The third line concludes the
reasoning by connecting the first and the third statement.
.
"All mammals are animals. All elephants are
mammals. Therefore, all elephants are
animals."
 Types of Reasoning
Inductive reasoning- specific to general
Ex: This cat is black. That cat is black. A third cat is
black. Therefore all cats are black.
 RECOGNIZING AND
IDENTIFYING FAULTY
REASONING

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In formulating an argument, there are some faults
that one has to avoid:

1. Lack of misunderstanding of terms- All terms

used in an argument must be clearly stated.
2. Hasty generalization-Enough cases should
support the conclusion arrived at. Do not jump to a
conclusion after an insufficient number of
examples.
3. Opinion substituted for fact- Opinions are
subjective and persona they can’t be real
information.
4. Misuse of facts-Proper use of quotations or to
whom people referring to. Be sure facts, not just
half-truths are given.
5. Lack of reliable authority- Authorities must be
reputable, recognized as authorities, and up-to-date.
They should be identified by name.
6. Name-calling- This fault in reasoning seriously
weakens an argument and should be avoided. It
shows lack of emotional control and no logical
bias.( personal attack/stereotyping.
ORGANIZING INFRMATION IN
VARIOUS WAYS

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Why we need to
organize the
information?
Organizing information makes it easier to
retrieve it efficiently and effectively.
Infographics- is a representation of information in a
graphic format designed to make the data easily
understandable at a glance.
Infographics- are graphic visual representations of
information. It help the audience understand the
information clearly and quickly.
Performance task 2:
Create an infographics by the use of digital platform
Canva. Online submission is on Friday.