In preparing detergent,

fatty acids from animal fats

and vegetable oils are the
source of its hydrocarbon
chain.
Saponification is the process
of making soap by heating
plant oils and animal fats to
produce soap, water, and
glycerine.
 In Europe, soap was
considered a luxury
item and it is mostly
enjoyed by people who
can afford it.
 Germany created the
first synthetic detergent
in the year 1918.
 Ernest Solvay's ammonia
process lessen the cost of
obtaining soda ash that increase
the quantity and quality of soap
manufacturing.
Petrochemicals is
one of the material
used in preparing
detergent.
 Potassium hydroxide is
used to produce hard soap
like bar soap.
In producing detergent, hydrocarbon
is converted into fatty alcohol that
reacts with sulfur trioxide to produce
a nonionic surfactant.
Surfactants slows down
the wetting surface that
inhibits the cleaning
process.
 Builders enhances the
effectiveness of
surfactant and it also
reduce water hardness.
Chemicals
found in
Insect
Repellants
 What is insect
repellant?
• Insect repellants are used to repel mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and
other biting insects. It protects you from mosquitoes that spread
malaria, and other diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and
yellow fever.
• Insect repellent is used on your skin and clothes to keep away
(repel) insects.
 What attracts insects?
1-OCTEN-OL
• It is the chemical present in human sweat and breath and
attracting biting insects like mosquitoes
• Often used in combination with CO2 in mosquito traps
Traditional
Insect
Repellants
SMOKE
In the Solomon Islands, a
Waste plant materials fire with coconut husks
Question
are frequently burned and papaya leaves
Write the question you want
is a
in Sri Lanka as a to ask yourform ofandpersonal
students allot
space for the answers.
mosquito repellant. protection from
mosquitoes.
SMOKE

Smoke is also used

Wood
Question
fires and
to drive away biting
smudge
Write pots are
the question you want
insects in South used in
to ask your students and allot

East Asia. space for the answers.

Myanmar.
SMOKE
• Herbs are thrown in In Papua New Guinea,

fire in China. burning local wood and

Question
leaves (mango wood,
• Smoke also reduced Write the question you want
coconut husks, wild
to ask your students and allot
ginger
sand fly density leaves, and
space for the betel nut leaves)
answers.

in East Africa. can repel mosquitoes.

Pyrethrum
• It is a natural plant oil from two species
of pyrethrum daisy.
• The insecticidal component – six esters
(pyrethrins) – is found in tiny oil-
containing glands on the surface of the
seed case in the flower head.
 Pyrethrum
• Incorporated to mosquito coils – derived
from the incense used in religious
activities of Hindus and Buddhist
• The powder was used by armies from
Napoleon’s time to World War II to
combat head and body lice.
Pyrethrum
• It affects the central nervous system of all types
of flying and crawling insects, blocking sodium-
gated nerve junctions, so that nerve impulses fail,
and the insect is knocked down and then
eventually dies.
The Development of
Modern Synthetic
Insect Repellants
DMP
• Chemical Name: dimethyl phthalate
• Patented in 1929 as a fly repellant
• Significant protection against scrub
chiggers
• Resulted in a hot and restricted vision
on head nets of troops
Indalone
• Chemical Name: butyl-3,3- dihydro-2,2-
dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6- carboxylate
• Patented in 1937
• Significant protection against scrub chiggers
• Resulted in a hot and restricted vision on head nets
of troops
Rutgers 612
• Chemical Name: 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol
• Available on 1939
• Voluntarily removed in USA and Canada markets
showing low lung expansion in the offspring of an
exposed mammal
6-2-2 or M-250
• Six parts DMP, two parts Indalone and two parts of
Rutgers 612
• Mild developmental toxicity after cutaneous
administration to pregnant rats
 Because of the health risk imposed by the
chemicals present on the previous insect
repellants and even the environmental effect
of the traditional way – smoke, the industry
tried their best to formulate safer insect
repellants. The following are chemical
compositions of the commercially-available
insect repellants on the market. They are far
way safer compared to those initially
formulated insect repellants.
Natural
Insect
Repellent
Citriodiol
• Can be extracted from lemon eucalyptus oil –
from the leaves of the lemon eucalyptus tree
• Natural occurring substance – para-methane-
3,8-diol known as PMD
• 20%-26% PMD may be useful as 15%-20% of
DEET against mosquitoes and ticks
Citriodiol
• Most effective botanical insect
repellant
• Can cause allergic skin reactions
• Effective against as mosquitoes, fly,
gnat repellant and also as a miticide
against insects and mites
Citronellol and Geraniol
• Can be extracted from citronella oil
– from a natural plant obtained from
the species of Cymbopogon
lemongrass
• Natural occurring substance – 3,7-
Dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol
Citronellol and Geraniol
• Available as lotion, oil, solid wax, and components of
citronella candles and flame pots
• Has a short duration of action
• 4.2% of concentration provides 1 hour of mosquito and tick
protection
• Ineffective against Asian tiger mosquitoes, flies, fleas
• Mildly irritating to the eyes and skin
Synthetic
Insect
Repellent
DEET
• Chemical Name: N, N-diethyl-3-
methylbenzamide also listed as
N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide
• Principal and most effective
repellant use today
• “Gold-standard” repellant
DEET
• It is a broad spectrum repellant that is highly effective
against all mosquitoes, sand flies, black flies, chiggers,
hard and soft ticks, bedbugs, and fleas.
• Proven to reduce malaria in areas greatly affected
• Currently available to the public in the form of liquid,
lotion, spray, and impregnated materials (wrist bands)
DEET
• Designed to direct application to human skin to repel
insects, rather than killing them
• Use lower concentration (<6%) on children and not
allowed to infants and pregnant women.
IR-3535 or MERCK 3535
• Chemical Name: 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl) amino
propionic acid ethyl ester
• Developed in 1975 by Merck
• Low toxicity, irritating to the eyes and sometimes
on the skin
• Classified as a biopesticide, as it is a substituted B-
amino acid
• No recorded incidence of adverse reaction
Picaridin
• Chemical Name: 1-piperidine carboxylic acid-2(2-
hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropyl ester
• Also known as Icaridin, Bayrepel (trademark name),
KBR 3023
• Developed by Bayer in 1980
• Very low toxicity
Picaridin
• Practically no dermal and eye irritation
• Colorless, odorless, and has a pleasant feel on the skin
• Evaporates slower rate than DEET (less repellant than
DEET when freshly applied)
• WHO designated it as a “repellant of choice for malaria
prevention.”