CRITICAL LOGIC AND THINKING

GROUP MEMBERS:
KIRAN FATIMA
SHANZA SHOUQAT
SYED ABDULLAH
TABINDA FATIMA
WHAT IS REASONING?
The process of thinking
about something in a
logical way in order to
form a conclusion or
judgment.
IMPORTANCE OF REASONING IN DECISION MAKING

Reasoning allows us to think critically, analyze information,

and evaluate arguments, which are all crucial skills in both
personal and professional contexts. At its core, reasoning
involves the ability to think logically and make rational
decisions based on available information.
 IMPACT OF REASONING IN DECISION MAKING

Critical thinking is like a puzzle, and reasoning is one of the essential pieces.
When you use reasoning in critical thinking, it means you're using your
ability to think logically and make sense of information. This helps you
make better decisions, solve problems, and understand things more clearly.
So, reasoning in critical thinking is like having a good tool to figure things
out and make smarter choices.
IS REASONING ALWAYS CORRECT ?

No, reasoning is not always correct.

While reasoning is a valuable tool for
thinking logically and making
informed decisions, it is still based on
the information and assumptions
available at a given time. If the
information or assumptions are
flawed or incomplete, the reasoning
process can lead to incorrect
conclusions.
 FALLACIOUS REASONING

• Fallacious reasoning is ‘’false

thinking’’.

• People use fallacious

reasoning when they draw
incorrect or false conclusions.

• Fallacious reasoning may be

either illogical or based on
incomplete information.

• For an argument to be
convincing, it must be based
on logic or correct reasoning.
 FORMAL FALLACIES

• Formal fallacies are

specific types of logical
errors that occur in the
structure or form of an
argument.

• These errors render the

argument invalid or
unsound due to flaws in
the way the argument is
structured.
 INFORMAL FALLACIES

• Informal fallacies are types of

errors in reasoning that occur in
everyday language and
communication, rather than
within a strict, formal structure.

• Informal fallacies involve

mistakes in the content,
context, or rhetoric of an
argument.

• These fallacies can make an

argument seem convincing even
when it's not logically valid.
• Good reasoning is characterized by a rational,
evidence-based, and open-minded approach, leading
to well-constructed and valid arguments.
• Bad reasoning, on the other hand, involves logical
errors, lack of evidence, and an unwillingness to
consider alternative viewpoints, which can result in
flawed or unconvincing arguments.
• Recognizing the difference between good and bad
reasoning is vital for making informed decisions,
engaging in productive discussions, and critical
thinking.
 LIMITATIONS OF REASONING

Reasoning is a valuable cognitive tool, but it has its limitations.

Understanding these limitations is essential for critical thinking
and problem-solving. Here are some key limitations of reasoning:

1. Biases and Emotional Influences

2. Incomplete Information
3. Cultural and Contextual Factors
4. Complexity and Uncertainty
5. Lack of Expertise
6. Human Fallibility
7. Cognitive Load

It's also a reminder of the importance of critical thinking skills

and the need to seek additional information and perspectives
when making important decisions or drawing conclusions.