Finger Print Scanner

How finger is Imaged?

INTRO

 Active Biometrics

 Needs to place his finger on the scanner

 Scanner captures the image and then transmits it

Types Of Scanners

 1) Optical Scanners
 2) Silicon Scanners
OPTICAL SCANNERS

 Composed of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) & Charge-couple

device (CCD).

 Use optics to gather finger images.

 Optics – part of camera system that captures the reflected light from a light source.
 To get an optical finger image the device will have,

1) Platen – used for presenting finger

2) Prism – used for reflecting lighted image to camera
3) Light source – to illuminate the fingerprint
4) Camera – to capture the finger image

 CCD is a light-sensitive integrated circuit that stores & displays the data for an image in
such a way that each pixel in the image is converted into an electrical charge.
 CCD is the older one.

 CCD for almost any digital imaging requirement.

 CCD takes high operating voltages.

 Streaming the finger image in a sequential manner.

 There are two flavours,

1) Passive arrangement
2) Active Pixel

 Passive arrangement - output of a row of pixels is detected by a simple amplifier.

 Active Pixel – each pixel has its own stage amplifier.

Cons (Disadvantage)

 Easy to fool

 This technology capture only 2D image so even other image with good quality can be used
to fool

 This type is not secure.

SILICON SCANNERS

 Place the finger directly on a piece of silicon

 Silicon includes capacitive, thermal and radio frequency.

 Best example is Smart Phone

Capacitive Scanners

 First silicon based scanners

 Instead of creating a traditional image of a fingerprint, capacitive fingerprint scanners use

arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint.

 Once captured, this digital data can be analysed to look for distinctive and unique
fingerprint attributes, which can be saved for a comparison at a later date
 First implemented as a “Swipe” scanners.

 But sometimes it takes several attempts to scan the result.

 Now a days using as simple press and hold method.

Thermal
 Provide the temperature difference between before and after the finger is presented

 Ex -
 Uses body’s own heat as the signal to measure.

 After placing the finger on surface, the ridges and valleys provide the temperature
difference.

 Generate a signal through pyro-electric effect

Radio Frequency (RF)

 Works by imaging the live layer below the skin.

 Two parallel plates that generate an electric field between them

 First finger exposed on drive plate, and this finger will be captured using the sensor below
the silicon.
Types Of Algorithm

 Algorithm used to match and enrol fingerprints fall under the following,
1) Minutia-Based
2) Pattern – Based
3) Hybrid – Based

Minutia Based Algorithm:

 Need to provide the highest quality image.
 The minutia in the template are compared to the raw template.
 Templates are smaller than the pattern based matching templates.

 Small parts of finger are required for verification.

Pattern Based Algorithm:

 Both micro and macro features of finger

 Size of the image required for authentication is large in size.

 Require more space for image area to be present during verification.

 Tend to be fast.
Hybrid Algorithm

 It uses the best features of minutia and pattern based algorithm.

 Uses the speed of pattern based and accuracy of minutia.

 High quality optical sensor will be used.

 It is known as all-purpose algorithm.

 High quality optical sensor will be used.

 In this algorithm enrolling takes time, but matching will be fast.