JOURNALI

TRANSITI
SM
ON
 PERIOD
MAJOR
JAPANESE
EVENTS
During World War II, the Philippines were occupied
by Japanese forces, which brought significant
OCCUPATION hardships and suffering to the Filipino population.

(1942-1945)
Allied forces, led by the United States,
liberated the Philippines from Japanese
LIBERATION OF
occupation. THE PHILIPPINES
(1944-1945)
REGAINING The Philippines officially gained independence from
the United States, becoming a sovereign nation after
INDEPENDENCE World War II.

(JULY 4, 1946)
 PERIOD
MAJOR
EVENTS
The post-war years saw efforts to rebuild the POST-WAR
country's infrastructure, economy, and
RECONSTRUCTI
political institutions.

ON
HUKBALAHAP An armed communist insurgency, known as the
Hukbalahap, emerged, leading to a period of
REBELLION conflict and social unrest.

(1946-1954)
President Ramón Magsaysay implemented
reforms and counterinsurgency measures to
MAGSAYSAY
PRESIDENCY (1953-
address the Hukbalahap rebellion.

1957)
 PERIOD
MAJOR
MARTIAL EVENTS
During this period, Marcos ruled with extensive powers,
leading to authoritarian rule, censorship, and human
LAW rights abuses.

DECLARATIO
The 1973 Constitution was adopted during Martial Law, 1973
N giving Marcos greater control over the government and
CONSTITUTIO
extending his presidency.

PEOPLE A peaceful uprising known as the EDSA Revolution

N
forced President Marcos into exile and marked the
POWER end of Martial Law.

REVOLUTIO
 JAPANESE
POST-WAR
RECONSTRU
PERIOD
INDEPENDE
NCE AND
PRESS
FREEDOM
CTION
• The Philippines underwent a DEMOCRATI AND
• Independent newspapers,
magazines, radio stations,
period of recovery and
rebuilding after World War C
• The Philippines gained
independence from the
PLURALISM
and television channels
proliferated.
II.
• Press freedom was GOVERNME
United States in 1946,
becoming a democratic
• Journalists had greater
freedom to report on
reestablished, and media
republic. NT various issues, including
outlets that had been
• This period saw the politics, society, and
suppressed during Japanese
emergence of a more open culture.
occupation were allowed to
and diverse media
operate freely.
landscape.
 JAPANESE
CRITICAL
AND
PERIOD
ROLE IN
DEMOCRATI
PRESS AS A
SOCIAL
INVESTIGAT C
• MediaVOICE
outlets often served
•
IVE
The media played a
significant role in critiquing
• PROCESSES
The press played a crucial as a platform for discussing
role in shaping public and debating social,
JOURNALIS
the government and holding
it accountable.
opinion and contributing to political, and economic
the functioning of issues.
•
M
Investigative journalism
became more prominent,
democratic processes, • They contributed to the
including elections and formation of public opinion
uncovering issues of and advocacy for various
governance.
corruption and social causes.
injustice.
 JAPANESE
CHALLENGE
S AND
PERIOD
MARTIAL
LAW
SUPPRESSIO
N OF PRESS
OWNERSHIP DECLARATI FREEDOM
• Despite the expansion of
CONCENTRA
media freedom, challenges ON Ferdinand
• The declaration of Martial
Law by President
• During the Martial Law era,
the government suppressed
TION
such as media ownership
concentration and occasional
Marcos in 1972 marked a
turning point. It led to strict
press freedom, leading to
censorship, control, and self-
government pressure censorship among
censorship and government
persisted. journalists.
control over the media.
• Some media outlets faced
criticism for being aligned
with political interests.
 PERIOD
MARTIAL LAW
PERIOD
CENSORSHI STATE-RUN
P AND
CONTROL
• The Marcos government had the authority
to censor and control content in
newspapers, magazines, radio, and
television. Any material deemed critical of
the government was subject to censorship.
• Media outlets that failed to comply with
government directives faced potential
shutdown, fines, or legal actions.
MEDIA
• The government established and
controlled various state-run media
organizations, such as the National
Media Production Center (NMPC) and
the Ministry of Public Information
(MPI).
• These state-run outlets were used to
produce pro-government propaganda,
ensuring that the official narrative
favored the Marcos regime.
 PERIOD
MARTIAL LAW
PERIOD
SUPPRESSI SELF-
ON OF CENSORSHI
• Due to the government's harsh
crackdown on dissenting voices, many

OPPOSITIO P
• Independent and critical media outlets journalists and media organizations
faced severe harassment, intimidation, and practiced self-censorship.
even closure if they challenged or • They refrained from reporting on

N
criticized the government.
• Journalists who were critical of the regime
often found themselves subjected to
sensitive issues or criticizing the
government to avoid government
reprisals, which significantly limited
threats, arrest, and imprisonment, which
media freedom.
created a climate of fear.
 PERIOD
MARTIAL LAW
PERIOD
STRICT LIMITED
GUIDELINE
• The government issued stringent ACCESS TO
guidelines and directives that media
S INFORMATI
• The public's access to unbiased and
outlets were required to follow. unfiltered news was restricted as the
• Content perceived as a threat to
government controlled the narrative.

national security, or the stability of
the government was prohibited,
further constraining the media's
ability to report independently.
ON
• Independent reporting on key issues
was often suppressed, and the public
had limited access to information that
was not favorable to the regime.
 PERIOD
MARTIAL LAW
PERIOD
PROPAGAN
• The government exploited DA
media as a tool for promoting pro-
Marcos propaganda and enhancing the image of the First
Family.
• Media outlets were used to glorify the leadership and
maintain a positive image of the government, further eroding
media's role as an objective source of information.
 EXAMPLES
POST-WAR
• The ManilaRECONSTRUCTION
Times: This newspaper, which resumed
publication after HUKBALAHAP
the liberation, focused on the importance of
reconstruction and national healing. It highlighted the need for
rebuilding the
REBELLION
country after the ravages of war.
Liwayway magazine: MARTIAL LAW Known for its literary
• contributions and commentaries on social issues, it
provided
justice, a
reflecting
DECLARATION
Ang Masa: A publication that addressed labor issues and social
platform
the for
post-war discussions
period's push on
for cultural
reforms and
and
political
social
opposite matters.
equality.
ends PEOPLE
of the wasThis
Itspectrum
part of
during POWER
• The Manila Chronicle and Manila Daily Express: These newspapers were at
magazine
aMartial
broader captured
Law. effort
While the
to Manila
The address the
Chronicle
 EXAMPLES
POST-WAR
• The Manila RECONSTRUCTION
Times: This newspaper, which resumed publication after
the liberation, focused on the importance of reconstruction and national
healing. It highlighted the need for rebuilding the country after the
ravages of war.
• Ang Masa: A publication that addressed labor issues and social justice,
reflecting the post-war period's push for reforms and social equality. It
was part of a broader effort to address the needs of the working class.
 EXAMPLES
POST-WAR
HUKBALAHAP
• The Manila RECONSTRUCTION
REBELLION
Times: This newspaper, which resumed publication after
Liwayway magazine: Known for its literary
the liberation, focused on the importance of reconstruction and national
contributions and commentaries
healing. It highlighted on social
the need for rebuilding issues,
the country afteritthe
provided a platform for discussions on cultural and
ravages of war.
•political
Ang Masa: A publication
matters. Thisthat addressed captured
magazine labor issuesthe
and zeitgeist
social justice,
of
reflecting the post-war period's push for reforms and social equality. It
the
wastime,
part ofemphasizing theaddress
a broader effort to intertwined
the needs cultural and class.
of the working
political aspects.
 EXAMPLES
MARTIALPOST-WAR
HUKBALAHAP LAW
opposite ends
RECONSTRUCTION
• The Manila Chronicle
• The Manila Times:
of the
REBELLION
DECLARATION
and Manila Daily Express: These newspapers were at
This newspaper,
Liwayway magazine: Known for its literary
spectrum during
which
Martial Law.
resumed
While The
publication
Manila
after
Chronicle
the liberation,
critiqued focused
the Marcos on and
regime the provided
importance of reconstruction
a critical perspective, the and
Manilanational
Daily
contributions
healing.
Express supported and
It highlighted commentaries
the need and
the government onitssocial
for conveyed
rebuilding the issues,
country
views. This afteritthe
division in the
provided
ravages a platform
of war.
media landscape forpolarization
illustrated the discussions on cultural and
of the time.
• Ang
We Forum
•politicalMasa: and
A Malaya: These
publication independent
that addressed publications
labor issuesdared
andtosocial
challenge the
justice,
matters.
authoritarian regime This
during magazine
Martial Law. They captured
provided the zeitgeist
alternative viewpoints, of
reflecting the post-war period's push for reforms and social equality. It
the time,
reported
was part
onemphasizing
of
government abuses,the
a broader effort to intertwined
and faced
address
government cultural
the needs of the and
repression and
working
censorship,
class.
including arrests and closures. These publications represented the fight for press
political
freedom. aspects.
 EXAMPLES
PEOPLE POST-WAR
HUKBALAHAP
MARTIAL POWERLAW
•• • Bataan-Corregidor
The Manila Chronicle
The Manila Times: REVOLUTION
RECONSTRUCTION
REBELLION
DECLARATION
News:and Manila
This Daily Express:
clandestine
This newspaper,
These
publication,
which resumed
newspapers
produced by were at
Filipino
publication after
Liwayway
opposite ends magazine:
of
guerrillas, played
the liberation, a crucial role inKnown
the spectrum
focused on and maintainingfor
during Martial
the provided
importance
Law.its literary
While
Filipino The Manila
of reconstruction
Chronicle
morale and providing and national
critiqued the Marcos regime a critical perspective, the Manila Daily
contributions
information
healing.
Express
on and
resistance
It highlighted
supported the commentaries
activities against
the need and
government for conveyed onitssocial
Japanese
rebuilding
forces.
the
It issues,
was
country
views. This
a
afteritthe
lifeline
division
of
in the
hope during a dark period.
• provided
ravages
media
The aTimes
of war.
landscape
Manila platform
illustrated
and The thefor discussions
polarization
Philippines on cultural
of theThese
Herald: time. two prominent and
• newspapers
We Forum
•political
Ang Masa: and
A Malaya:
publication These
thatindependent
addressed publications
labor issuesdared
and tosocial
challenge the
justice,
matters.
authoritarian
faced the
regime This
challenge
during magazine
of operating
Martial Law. They captured
under Japanese
provided the zeitgeist
censorship.
alternative
While
viewpoints, of
reflecting
they thetopost-war
continued period's
publish during push for reforms
the occupation, they were and social equality.
compelled to It
the
was time,
reported
disseminate
part ofemphasizing
onpro-Japanese
government abuses,
a broader effort the
to intertwined
and faced
propaganda, making
address
government
theit needs
a complexcultural
repression
of timeworking
the and
forand censorship,
media. class.
including arrests and closures. These publications represented the fight for press
political
freedom. aspects.
 THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENIN