Topic 2

Operating Systems and

Multimedia
Operating Systems and Multimedia

 Types of Operating System

 Windows v/s Linux
 Mobile based OS
 Multimedia Definition and Types
 Multimedia Software
 Operating System

 An Operating System (OS) is an interface between

a computer user and computer hardware.
 An operating system is a software which performs
all the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling input
and output, and controlling peripheral devices such
as disk drives and printers.
Definitions
We can have a number of definitions of an Operating System. Let's go
through few of them:

 An Operating System is the low-level software that supports a

computer's basic functions, such as scheduling tasks and controlling
peripherals.
We can refine this definition as follows:

 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between

the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all
kinds of programs.

Following is another definition taken from Wikipedia:

 An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware, software resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.
 Architecture
 Why Use an Operating System?

 The operating system helps in improving the computer

software as well as hardware.
 Without OS, it became very difficult for any application to be
user-friendly.
 Operating System provides a user with an interface that makes
any application attractive and user-friendly.
 Each and every application present in the system requires the
Operating System.
 The operating system works as a communication channel
between system hardware and system software.
 The operating system helps interact an application with the
hardware part without knowing about the actual hardware
configuration.
 Functions of the Operating System

 Resource Management: The operating system

manages and allocates memory, CPU time, and other
hardware resources among the various programs and
processes running on the computer.
 Process Management: The operating system is
responsible for starting, stopping, and managing
processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling
of processes and allocates resources to them.
 Memory Management: The operating system
manages the computer’s primary memory and provides
mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.
 Security: The operating system provides a secure
environment for the user, applications, and data by
implementing security policies and mechanisms such
as access controls and encryption.
 Job Accounting: It keeps track of time and resources
used by various jobs or users.
 File Management: The operating system is
responsible for organizing and managing the file
system, including the creation, deletion, and
manipulation of files and directories.
 Device Management: The operating system manages
input/output devices such as printers, keyboards, mice, and
displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces to
enable communication between the devices and the computer.
 Networking: The operating system provides networking
capabilities such as establishing and managing network
connections, handling network protocols, and sharing resources
such as printers and files over a network.
 User Interface: The operating system provides a user interface
that enables users to interact with the computer system. This
can be a
Graphical User Interface (GUI), a Command-Line Interface (C
LI)
, or a combination of both.
 Backup and Recovery: The operating system provides
mechanisms for backing up data and recovering it in case of
system failures, errors, or disasters.
 Virtualization: The operating system provides virtualization
capabilities that allow multiple operating systems or applications
to run on a single physical machine. This can enable efficient use
of resources and flexibility in managing workloads.
 Performance Monitoring: The operating system provides tools
for monitoring and optimizing system performance, including
identifying bottlenecks, optimizing resource usage, and
analyzing system logs and metrics.
 Time-Sharing: The operating system enables multiple users to
share a computer system and its resources simultaneously by
providing time-sharing mechanisms that allocate resources fairly
and efficiently.
 System Calls: The operating system provides a set of
system calls that enable applications to interact with
the operating system and access its resources. System
calls provide a standardized interface between
applications and the operating system, enabling
portability and compatibility across different hardware
and software platforms.
 Error-detecting Aids: These contain methods that
include the production of dumps, traces, error
messages, and other debugging and error-detecting
methods.
 Objectives of Operating Systems

 Convenient to use: One of the objectives is to make the

computer system more convenient to use in an efficient manner.
 User Friendly: To make the computer system more interactive
with a more convenient interface for the users.
 Easy Access: To provide easy access to users for using resources
by acting as an intermediary between the hardware and its users.
 Management of Resources: For managing the resources of a
computer in a better and faster way.
 Controls and Monitoring: By keeping track of who is using
which resource, granting resource requests, and mediating
conflicting requests from different programs and users.
 Fair Sharing of Resources: Providing efficient and fair sharing
of resources between the users and programs.
Types of Operating System
1. Batch Operating System
 This type of operating system does not interact with
the computer directly. There is an operator which
takes similar jobs having the same requirement and
groups them into batches. It is the responsibility of the
operator to sort jobs with similar needs .
 Advantages of Batch Operating System
 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job
to complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long the
job would be when it is in the queue.
 Multiple users can share the batch systems.
 The idle time for the batch system is very less.
 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

 Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.
 Batch systems are hard to debug.
 It is sometimes costly.
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job
fails.
 Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank
Statements, etc.
2. Multi-Programming Operating System
 Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply
illustrated as more than one program is present in the
main memory and any one of them can be kept in
execution. This is basically used for better execution
of resources.
Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating
System
 Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the
System.
 It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating

System
 There is not any facility for user interaction of system
resources with the system.
3. Multi-Processing Operating System
 Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of
Operating System in which more than one CPU is
used for the execution of resources. It betters the
throughput of the System.
Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System
 It increases the throughput of the system.
 As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails,
we can proceed with another processor.
Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating
System
 Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and
somehow difficult to understand.
4. Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Multitasking Operating System is simply a
multiprogramming Operating System with having
facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It
can run multiple programs simultaneously.
Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
 Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in
Multi-Tasking Operating System.
 It comes with proper memory management.

Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

 The system gets heated in case of heavy programs
multiple times.
5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
 Each task is given some time to execute so that all the
tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of the
CPU as they use a single system. These systems are
also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be
from a single user or different users also. The time
that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After
this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
 Each task gets an equal opportunity.
 Fewer chances of duplication of software.
 CPU idle time can be reduced.
 Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to
share hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and
peripherals, reducing the cost of hardware and increasing
efficiency.
 Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work
concurrently, thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn to
use the computer. This increased productivity translates to more
work getting done in less time.
 Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive
environment that allows users to communicate with the computer
in real time, providing a better user experience than batch
processing.
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS
 Reliability problem.
 One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user
programs and data.
 Data communication problem.
 High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead
than other operating systems due to the need for scheduling,
context switching, and other overheads that come with
supporting multiple users.
 Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require
advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously.
This complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
 Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk
of security breaches increases. Time-sharing systems require
careful management of user access, authentication, and
authorization to ensure the security of data and software.
 6. Distributed Operating System
 Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate
with each other using a shared communication network.
 Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
These are referred to as
loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
 These systems’ processors differ in size and function.
 The major benefit of working with these types of the operating
system is that it is always possible that one user can access the
files or software which are not actually present on his system
but some other system connected within this network i.e.,
remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that
network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System
 Failure of one will not affect the other network
communication, as all systems are independent of
each other.
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
 Since resources are being shared, computation is
highly fast and durable.
 Load on host computer reduces.
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems
can be easily added to the network.
 Delay in data processing reduces.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System
 Failure of the main network will stop the entire
communication.
 To establish distributed systems the language is used
not well-defined yet.
 These types of systems are not readily available as
they are very expensive. Not only that the underlying
software is highly complex and not understood well
yet.
7. Network Operating System
 These systems run on a server and provide the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.
 These types of operating systems allow shared access
to files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network.
 One more important aspect of Network Operating
Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the
network, their individual connections, etc. and that’s
why these computers are popularly known as
tightly coupled systems.
Advantages of Network Operating System
 Highly stable centralized servers.
 Security concerns are handled through servers.
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system.
 Server access is possible remotely from different locations and
types of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating System
 Servers are costly.
 User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
 Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX,
Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc.
8. Real-Time Operating System
 These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time
interval required to process and respond to inputs is
very small. This time interval is called response
time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time
requirements that are very strict like missile systems,
air traffic control systems, robots, etc.
 Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

 Hard Real-Time Systems:

Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for applications where
time constraints are very strict and even the shortest
possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are
built for saving life like automatic parachutes or
airbags which are required to be readily available in
case of an accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in
these systems.
 Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where time-constraint
is less strict.
 Advantages of RTOS

 Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and

systems, thus more output from all the resources.
 Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these
systems is very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about
10 microseconds in shifting from one task to another, and in the
latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
 Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less
importance on applications that are in the queue.
 Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the
size of programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded
systems like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these
types of systems.
 Disadvantages of RTOS

 Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on a few applications to avoid errors.
 Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources
are not so good and they are expensive as well.
 Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and
difficult for the designer to write on.
 Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device
drivers and interrupts signal to respond earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these
systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
 Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems,
etc.
 Windows v/s Linux

Linux Operating System

 Linux is a free and open-source operating system
created and designed by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
 Linux is a derived form of Unix.
 It is free of cost making it available for all users.
 It is open-source, means that the source code of Linux
is available for all users.
 Users can add additional programs or modify the
existing ones so that it can perform various other
functions.
 Linux uses a monolithic kernel. It runs both kernel and
user services in the same address space. It has many
distributions such as Ubuntu, Linux mint, Fedora, etc.
 Linux was written in C language and assembly
language. It is more machine friendly, which means
users find it difficult to interact with Linux.
 Linux has become the largest open-source software in
the world. It provides high security and is mostly used
for hacking purposes.
 Some of the features of Linux include its Portability,
Security, and Multitasking abilities. Plus, Linux is open
source.
Some of the drawbacks of using the Linux operating
system are listed below −
 It can’t run most of the Windows programs.
 Most of the Internet service providers do not support
Linux.
 Linux is difficult to learn for most of the new users.
Depending on its distributions, the difficulty level
varies.
Windows Operating System
 Windows is an operating system developed by Microsoft.
Its first version was released in 1985 which was an
extension of MS-DOS.
 Windows is not open-source. Its free version lacks some
of the features that the licensed version has.
 Windows is the most widely used operating system in
PCs. It provides a GUI which is very user-friendly. It is
available in two versions, i.e., 32 bit and 64 bit. It has both
client and server versions.
 Windows uses a microkernel. Its address space is
separated into kernel space and user space. Windows is
designed in such a way that people with no programming
knowledge can also use it.
 It is good for both personal and commercial use because it is very
simple and easy to use.
 Windows was written in C++ and Assembly language. Windows
provides less security as compared to Linux.
 Some of the features of Windows include: Control panel, File
explorer, Internet Browser, Disk cleanup features, and a highly user
friendly Interface.

Some of the drawbacks of using the Windows operating system are

listed below −

 Most of the Windows features are available only in the paid/licensed

version.
 It provides less security.
 System requirements
 Users have to pay software fee along with the license fee.
 Differences: Linux and Windows Operating Systems

Parameter Linux Windows

Linux is an open-source Windows is an

Definition operating system operating system
developed for desktops developed for desktops

Developed by Linus Torvalds Microsoft

Open-source and free of Not an open-source and
Availability
cost it is paid
Linux is machine- Windows is simple with
friendly. So user must rich GUI options. User
have some exposure to doesn’t need any
Ease of use Linux commands. It knowledge of
takes more time for programming. It is more
users to get used to useful for non-technical
Linux users.
Kernel type Monolithic kernel Microkernel
 Parameter Linux Windows
Forward slash is used as a Backward slash is used as a
Path separator
path separator path separator

Linux is more secure than Windows is less secure

Security
Windows compared to Linux
Linux is highly case- Windows is not case
Case sensitivity
sensitive sensitive
Linux updates less Windows updates
Updates
frequently frequently

Linux is written in C and Windows is written in C++

Written in
Assembly language and Assembly language

Windows is distributed
Linux is distributed under
under Proprietary
License GPL(GNU General Public
commercial software
License) license
license
Linux is more reliable than
Windows is not much
Reliability windows as it is more
reliable as Linux
secured
Linux uses tree structure to Windows uses directories
store files. In Linux such as C, D, E and more
File system
everything is considered as and folders are used to store
a file files
 Parameter Linux Windows
•Administrator
•Regular
•Standard
Types of users •Administrative
•Child
•Service
•Guest

Linux is faster than Windows is slower

Speed
windows compared to Linux

Windows also have a

Here, the command
command prompt
line is referred to as a
which is not as
Command line Terminal which is very
effective as Terminal.
useful and perform
Users use GUI to
various tasks
perform their tasks

Linux installation
setup is a bit Windows is easy to
Installation complicated but it setup but takes more
takes less time to time to install
install
 Mobile Operating System
 A mobile operating system is an operating system that
helps to run other application software on mobile
devices.
 It is the same kind of software as the famous computer
operating systems like Linux and Windows, but now
they are light and simple to some extent.
 The operating systems found on smartphones include
Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's BlackBerry, Windows
Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android,
WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The
iPhone OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP,
which are related to Unix.
Popular platforms of the Mobile OS

 1. Android OS: The Android operating system is the

most popular operating system today. It is a mobile
OS based on the Linux Kernel and open-source
software. The android operating system was
developed by Google. The first Android device was
launched in 2008.
 2. Bada (Samsung Electronics): Bada is a Samsung
mobile operating system that was launched in 2010.
The Samsung wave was the first mobile to use the
bada operating system. The bada operating system
offers many mobile features, such as 3-D graphics,
application installation, and multipoint-touch.
3. BlackBerry OS: The BlackBerry operating system is
a mobile operating system developed by Research In
Motion (RIM). This operating system was designed
specifically for BlackBerry handheld devices. This
operating system is beneficial for the corporate users.

4. iPhone OS / iOS: The iOS was developed by the

Apple inc for the use on its device. The iOS operating
system is the most popular operating system today. It is
a very secure operating system. The iOS operating
system is not available for any other mobiles.
5. Symbian OS: Symbian operating system is a mobile
operating system that provides a high-level of integration
with communication. The Symbian operating system is
based on the java language. It combines middleware of
wireless communications and personal information
management (PIM) functionality. The Symbian operating
system was developed by Symbian Ltd in 1998 for the
use of mobile phones. Nokia was the first company to
release Symbian OS on its mobile phone at that time.

6. Windows Mobile OS: The window mobile OS is a

mobile operating system that was developed
by Microsoft. It was designed for the pocket PCs and
smart mobiles.
7. Harmony OS: The harmony operating system is the
latest mobile operating system that was developed by
Huawei for the use of its devices. It is designed
primarily for IoT devices.
8. Palm OS: The palm operating system is a mobile
operating system that was developed by Palm Ltd for
use on personal digital assistants (PADs). It was
introduced in 1996. Palm OS is also known as
the Garnet OS.
9. WebOS (Palm/HP): The WebOS is a mobile
operating system that was developed by Palm. It based
on the Linux Kernel. The HP uses this operating
system in its mobile and touchpads.
 Multimedia Definition and Types
 The word multi and media are combined to form the word
multimedia.
 The word “multi” signifies “many.” Multimedia is a type of
medium that allows information to be easily transferred from
one location to another.

 Multimedia is the presentation of text, pictures, audio, and

video with links and tools that allow the user to navigate,
engage, create, and communicate using a computer.
 Multimedia refers to the computer-assisted integration of text,
drawings, still and moving images(videos) graphics, audio,
animation, and any other media in which any type of
information can be expressed, stored, communicated, and
processed digitally.
Categories of Multimedia
 Linear Multimedia:
 It is also called Non-interactive multimedia. In the case of
linear multimedia, the end-user cannot control the content of
the application.
 It has literally no interactivity of any kind. Some multimedia
projects like movies in which material is thrown in a linear
fashion from beginning to end.
 A linear multimedia application lacks all the features with the
help of which, a user can interact with the application such as
the ability to choose different options, click on icons, control
the flow of the media, or change the pace at which the media is
displayed.
 Linear multimedia works very well for providing information
to a large group of people such as at training sessions,
seminars, workplace meetings, etc.
 Non-Linear Multimedia:
 In Non-Linear multimedia, the end-user is allowed the
navigational control to rove through multimedia
content at his own desire.
 The user can control the access of the application.
Non-linear offers user interactivity to control the
movement of data.
 For example computer games, websites, self-paced
computer-based training packages, etc.
Components of Multimedia
Multimedia consists of the following 5 components:
 Text
 Characters are used to form words, phrases, and
paragraphs in the text.
 Text appears in all multimedia creations of some kind.
The text can be in a variety of fonts and sizes to match
the multimedia software’s professional presentation.
 Text in multimedia systems can communicate specific
information or serve as a supplement to the
information provided by the other media.
Graphics
 Non-text information, such as a sketch, chart, or photograph, is
represented digitally.
 Graphics add to the appeal of the multimedia application. In
many circumstances, people dislike reading big amounts of
material on computers.
 As a result, pictures are more frequently used than words to
clarify concepts, offer background information, and so on.
 Graphics are at the heart of any multimedia presentation.
 Windows Picture, Internet Explorer, and other similar
programs are often used to see visuals.
 Adobe Photoshop is a popular graphics editing program that
allows you to effortlessly change graphics and make them
more effective and appealing.
 Animations
 A sequence of still photographs is being flipped
through.
 It’s a set of visuals that give the impression of
movement. Animation is the process of making a still
image appear to move.
 A presentation can also be made lighter and more
appealing by using animation.
 In multimedia applications, the animation is quite
popular. The following are some of the most regularly
used animation viewing programs: Fax Viewer,
Internet Explorer, etc.
 Video
 Photographic images that appear to be in full motion
and are played back at speeds of 15 to 30 frames per
second.
 The term video refers to a moving image that is
accompanied by sound, such as a television picture.
 Of course, text can be included in videos, either as
captioning for spoken words or as text embedded in
an image, as in a slide presentation.
 The following programs are widely used to view
videos: Real Player, Window Media Player, etc.
 Audio
 Any sound, whether it’s music, conversation, or something
else. Sound is the most serious aspect of multimedia,
delivering the joy of music, special effects, and other forms of
entertainment.
 Decibels are a unit of measurement for volume and sound
pressure level.
 Audio files are used as part of the application context as well
as to enhance interaction.
 Audio files must occasionally be distributed using plug-in
media players when they appear within online applications and
webpages.
 MP3, WMA, Wave, MIDI, and RealAudio are examples of
audio formats.
 The following programs are widely used to view videos: Real
Player, Window Media Player, etc.
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