LO:

• Label a diagram of the eye and describe The Eye

the function of each structure.
• Define the term ‘accommodation’.
• Describe how the eye changes to focus Starter:
on near and distant objects. Place the words below
• Complete simple ray diagrams to show into a table. If you get
normal vision, long-sightedness and three in a row shout out
short-sightedness one of the keywords
from today’s lesson.
Keywords:cones, iris, retina, rods,
accommodation, ciliary muscles, refraction,
suspensory ligaments, gel, hyperopia, cerebellum, cerebral
myopia, laser surgery cortex, medulla,
magnetic resonance
imaging, CT, neurology,
radiotherapy, stem cell
therapies, EEG.
Part of the Function EEGs works by attaching
brain small sensors all over the
Cerebral Controls consciousness, scalp to detect electrical
cortex intelligence, memory and language signals produced when the
brain’s cells send messages to
Cerebellum Concerned with coordination of each other
muscular activity
Medulla Controls unconscious activities;
heartbeat and breathing

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging it provides a brain map using non-
invasive techniques that are external to the body. It can detect cancer cells,
clots and abnormal blood flow.MRI scanning uses strong magnetic fields and
radiowaves to produce very detailed images of the nervous system or any other
region of the human body.
CT uses X-rays to make detailed images of parts of your body and the
structures inside your body. It can be used to map brain activity.
Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders in the nervous
system (CNS and PNS).
Radiotherapy uses rays to destroy cancer cells.
Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into many (but not all) types of
cells. Stem cell therapy helps in repairing damaged nervous system and produce
cancer-killing molecules.
The Eye

The eye is a senses

organ containing
receptors sensitive to
light intensity and
colour.
 Protects
and holds
the eye in
Refracts light - place
bends it as it
enters the eye Contains
rod and
cone cells

Using the diagram and video:

Label the eye and then fill in the table The Eye
 retina, sclera, optic nerve, iris, ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments,
pupil, lens, cornea
Component of the eye Function
Retina
Carries impulses from the retina to
the brain
Sclera
Transparent region of the sclera at
the front of the eye. Refracts
light- bends it as it enters the eye
Has sets of muscles that control
the size of the pupil and regulate
the light reaching the retina
Cillary muscles and suspensory
ligaments
 Answers
Component of the eye Function
Retina Made up of light sensitive receptor
cells. Contains rod and cone cells.
Optic nerve Carries impulses from the retina to
the brain
Sclera The tough outer layer of the eye
that protects and holds the eye in
place.
Cornea Transparent region of the sclera at
the front of the eye. Refracts
light- bends it as it enters the eye
Iris Has sets of muscles that control
the size of the pupil and regulate
the light reaching the retina
 Muscles in the iris
Iris regulate the amount of
light entering the eye
and reaching the retina.

In low light intensities,

radial muscles in the iris
contract and the pupil
becomes larger.

How is the iris adapted

to dim intensity vision?

In low intensity light the

radial muscles contract
and the pupil becomes
larger.

video
 Retina
The retina is made up of two light sensitive receptor cells called cones
and rods.
Cones are sensitive to colour.
Rods are sensitive to low light intensity. They allow us to see when it is
very dim light. Rods are around 1000 times more sensitive to light
than cones.
The receptor cells convert light into the electrical energy of a nerve
impulse.

Hint: Cones=Colour
sensitive. They both
start with the same
letter!!
Rod and Retina also start
with the same letter!!
 Learning Check
LO:
• Label a diagram of the eye and describe the function
of each structure.
• Define the term ‘accommodation’.
• Describe how the eye changes to focus on near and
distant objects.
• Complete simple ray diagrams to show normal vision,
long-sightedness and short-sightedness
Keywords:cones, iris, retina, rods, accommodation,
ciliary muscles, refraction, suspensory ligaments, gel,
hyperopia, myopia, laser surgery
 Focusing an image
What part of the eye
refracts light rays as they
enter the eye?
Cornea
Refraction is the bending of
light rays as they travel from
one medium to another

1
3

Object

2 4
Focusing an image
Light
rays

What are the differences

between the two images?

Watch the video to help

you answer.

Hint: Look at the light

rays and lens.
Task: Draw and annotate
your diagram to show how
the lens changes when it
sees distant and near
objects.

Distant object Near object

Light rays nearly parallel Diverge
Lens Thin lens only slight Thick lens refracts
refraction of light rays
rays needed
 Learning Check
LO:
• Label a diagram of the eye and describe the function
of each structure.
• Define the term ‘accommodation’.
• Describe how the eye changes to focus on near and
distant objects.
• Complete simple ray diagrams to show normal vision,
long-sightedness and short-sightedness
Keywords:cones, iris, retina, rods, accommodation,
ciliary muscles, refraction, suspensory ligaments, gel,
hyperopia, myopia, laser surgery
Accommodation
Accommodation is
the process of
changing the shape
of the lens to
focus on near or
distant objects.
 What is the name of
the process that
allows the lens to
change its shape?
How does the lens
change to focus on
near and distant
objects. Fill in the
table using the
diagram

Object Ciliary muscle Suspensory Lens Light rays

ligament
Near
Far
 Accommodation

video

Object Ciliary muscles Suspensory Lens Light rays

ligaments shape
Near Contract Loosen Thick Refracted more
strongly
Far Relax Tight Thin Refracted less
strongly
 Learning Check
LO:
• Label a diagram of the eye and describe the function
of each structure.
• Define the term ‘accommodation’.
• Describe how the eye changes to focus on near and
distant objects.
• Complete simple ray diagrams to show normal vision,
long-sightedness and short-sightedness
Keywords:cones, iris, retina, rods, accommodation,
ciliary muscles, refraction, suspensory ligaments, gel,
hyperopia, myopia, laser surgery
 Normal vision Myopia Hyperopia
Where is the image
formed?

Why does this happen?

What can be done to

correct this, if
necessary?

Use the table to compare and contrast normal vision, myopia and
hyperopia
 Short Sighted - Myopia
Short-sightedness, or myopia, is when people can see objects at short
distances away, but struggle to see objects at a distance.
It occurs when:
• The eyeball is too long for the strength of the lens
Or
• The cornea is too sharply curved
When the eye attempts to produce an image, it falls short of the
retina. This can be corrected by a concave lens which diverges the
light rays before they reach/enter the eye.

Fill in your
table and
diagram

video
Long Sightedness - Hyperopia
Long-sightedness, or hyperopia, is
when people can see objects at long
distances away, but struggle to see
near objects.
It occurs when:
• The lens is too weak because it is
not thick enough
Or
• The eyeball is too short
Or
• The cornea is not curved enough
When the eye wants to produce an
image, it falls behind the retina. It
can be corrected by a convex lens
because they converge the light rays
before they enter/reach the eye.
Fill in your table and diagram
 Compare and contrast normal vision, myopia and hyperopia

Normal vision Myopia Hyperopia

Where is the image On the back In front of Behind the
formed? of the retina the retina retina

Why does this happen? Light is The lens is The lens is too
correctly too strong, or weak or the
refracted by the eyeball is eyeball is too
the cornea too long. short.
and
lens in
the eye.
What can be done to Use a concave Use a convex
correct this, if lens lens
necessary?
 Plenary

Complete the exam questions.

 Learning Check
LO:
• Label a diagram of the eye and describe the function of each
structure.
• Define the term ‘accommodation’.
• Describe how the eye changes to focus on near and distant
objects.
• Complete simple ray diagrams to show normal vision, long-
sightedness and short-sightedness
Keywords:cones, iris, retina, rods, accommodation, ciliary
muscles, refraction, suspensory ligaments, gel, hyperopia,
myopia, laser surgery

From 0-10 write down how confident you feel about The Eye and
write down what you need to do to increase your score.

0 = Not feeling confident

10 = I feel confident