ELECTRONIC

DEVICES & CIRCUIT

UNIT 4:
1
OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER
LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completing the unit, students should be able to:

 Describe the op-amp characteristics

 Describe the operation of various op-amp application circuits

2
OP-AMP SYMBOL & PACKAGES

Op-Amp symbol

LM123 Quad Op- 3

LM741 Op-Amp package Amp package

OP-AMP PARAMETERS AND CHARACTERISTICS

ideal op-amp representation practical op-amp representation.

 infinite voltage gain  high voltage gain

 infinite input impedance (open)  very high input impedance
 zero output impedance.
 very low output impedance
 infinite bandwidth.
 wide bandwidth. 4
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO
(CMRR)
 In the common mode, two signal voltages of the same phase,
frequency and amplitude are applied to the two inputs. Normally
common mode signals are unwanted signals (noise).

 The measure of an amplifier’s ability to reject common-mode

signals is a parameter called the CMRR.
 The higher the CMRR, the better. A very high value of CMRR
means that the open-loop gain Aol, is high and the common-mode
gain, Acm is low.
Aol Ad Aol 5
CMRR   CMRR(dB )  20  log dB
Acm Ac Acm
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO
(CMRR)
 EXAMPLE : A certain op-amp has an open-loop voltage
gain of 100,000 and a common-mode gain of 0.2.
Determine the CMRR and express it in decibels.

 SOLUTION :
 Aol = 100,000 and Acm = 0.2

Aol Ad 100,000
CMRR     500,000
Acm Ac 0 .2
 Expressed in decibels :
Aol
CMRR(dB)  20 log  20 log(500,000)  114 dB
Acm
 Related Problem: Determine the CMRR and express it in
6
dB for an op-amp with an open-loop voltage gain of
85,000 and a common-mode gain of 0.25.
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO
(CMRR)
 EXAMPLE : different _ input : Vd  v   v 
Vd  1.2m  (0.5m)  1.7 mV
Vo 8
Ad    4705.88
Vd 1.7 m

v  v
Common _ input : VC 
2
v v 2m  2m
VC  1 2   2mV
2 2
V 12m
AC  o  6
VC 2m
Ad
CMRR(dB )  20 log
Ac
4705.88 7
 20 log  57.89dB
6
SLEW RATE
 In electronics, the slew rate represents the maximum rate of
change of a signal at any point in a circuit (∆V/∆t).

 Limitations in slew rate capability can give rise to non linear

effects in electronic amplifiers. For a sinusoidal waveform not to
be subject to slew rate limitation, the slew rate capability at all
points in an amplifier must satisfy the following condition:

SR  2f  V pk
 where f is the frequency, and Vpk is the peak amplitude of the
waveform. Slew rate is usually expressed in units of V/µs.
8
 The slew rate can be measured by using an oscilloscope and a
function generator.

 The circuit used for slew rate measurement is shown in the

figure below.
• The input and slew limited
output voltage waveform are
as follows:

9
 SLEW RATE DISTORTION
 If an op amp is operated above its slew rate limit, signals will become distorted.
The easiest way to see this is to look at the example of a sine wave.

 The op amp slewing distortion will cause

the creation of a triangular waveform.
 If the frequency is increased, the op amp
will be even less able to keep up and
therefore the amplitude of the output
waveform will decrease.

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 EXERCISE 4.1

1) An op amp is required to amplify a signal with a peak

amplitude of 5 volts at a frequency of 25 kHz. Calculate the
minimum slew rate in V/us required for this application.

V/s
V/us

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 EXERCISE 4.2
1) Table 1 shows slew rate comparison for OPA op-amp series.
Given a circuit application with 2 MHz frequency and 3.3 V
peak voltage, determine the suitable op-amp to be used.

V/s
V/us

Hence, suitable op-amp are:

OPA835 and OPA847

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OP-AMP DATASHEET
 Typically an Op-
Amp datasheet is
created and
designed by
manufacturer

 Refer to
APPENDIX A

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OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
 4.1 Voltage follower (Unity)
 4.2 Inverting amplifier
 4.3 Non-inverting amplifier
 4.4 Differential amplifier
 4.5 Summing amplifier
 4.6 Integrator circuit
 4.7 Differentiator circuit
 4.8 Comparator
 4.9 Active filter circuits 14
4.1 VOLTAGE FOLLOWER (UNITY)
rules :
 
i i 0
v  v

VO  V1
derivation :
VO

v v 
Av  1
 V1
v  VO

v  V1
15
4.2 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
KCL :
i1  i   i f
V1  v  v   VO
 0
R1 Rf
given : v   v   0
V1  0 0  VO

rules : R1 Rf
i  i  0 V1  VO

v  v R1 Rf
Rf  VO

VO Rf R1 V1
Av   16

V1 R1
4.2 INVERTING AMPLIFIER
 EXAMPLE : If input voltage Vin = 1.2 V. Determine the voltage
gain (Av) and output voltage (Vo).

 SOLUTION :
VO 330k
AV    10
V1 33k
17

VO  AV  Vi  10 1.2V  12V

4.3 NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
KCL :
i1  i   i f
0  v v   VO
 0
R1 Rf
given : v   v   V1
 V1 V1  VO

rules : R1 Rf
i  i  0  V1 R f
 V1  VO
v  v R1
V1 R f
VO  V1 
VO Rf R1
Av   1 
 V1 
Rf 
18

V1 R1 VO 1  R 
 1 
4.3 NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
 EXAMPLE : If input voltage Vin = 10 mVrms. Determine the
voltage gain (Av) and output voltage (Vo).

 SOLUTION :
VO 560k
AV   1  374.33
V1 1 .5 k 19

VO  AV  Vi  374.33 10mV  3.74Vrms

4.4 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

 R4  R1  R2   R2 
VO    V2   V1
 R3  R4  R1   R1 
 This expression can be obtained by considering the effect of
each input while letting the other input to be zero, and then
applying the superposition theorem.

 Simplified Derivation: R2
VO  (V2  V1 )
LET : R4  R2 & R3  R1 R1 20
4.4 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
 Try to express the equation for Differential Amplifier:

21
4.4 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
 EXAMPLE : Determine the output voltage (Vo) if given
R1=R3=8k, R2=R4=140k , V2=1V and V1=0.5V.

 SOLUTION :

R2
VO  (V2  V1 )
R1
140k
VO  (1  0.5)  8.75V
8k 22
4.4 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
 EXAMPLE : Calculate the output voltage

 SOLUTION :

 R4  R1  R2   R2 
VO    V2   V1
 R3  R4  R1   R1 
 10k  150k  300k   300k 
VO     ( 2 )   (1)
 10k  10k  150k   150k  23

VO  1V
 4.5 SUMMING AMPLIFIER
KCL : i1  i2  i3  i   i f
V1  v  V2  v  V3  v  v   VO
   0
R1 R2 R3 Rf
given : v   v   0

V1  0 V2  0 V3  0 0  VO
  
R1 R2 R3 Rf
V1 V2 V3  VO
  
R1 R2 R3 Rf
rules :
 V1 V2 V3 
      R f  VO
i i 0  R1 R2 R3 
v  v  Rf
VO   V1 
Rf
V2 
Rf 
V3 
 R1 R2 R3 

 Rf Rf Rf 
VO   V1  V2  V3 
24

 R1 R2 R3 
4.5 SUMMING AMPLIFIER
 EXAMPLE : Determine the output voltage, Vo if Rf = 76k

 SOLUTION :

 Rf Rf Rf 
VO   V1  V2  V3 
 R1 R2 R3 
 76k 76k 76k 
VO   (0.2)  (0.5)  (0.8)   3.8V 25

 33k 22k 12k 

4.6 INTERGRATOR
vin
vo    dt  vinitial
RC

 Application of integrator circuit

 To keep a "running total" of radiation exposure, or dosage, if the
input voltage was a proportional signal supplied by an electronic
radiation detector. Nuclear radiation can be just as damaging at
low intensities for long periods of time as it is at high intensities
for short periods of time. An integrator circuit would take both the
intensity (input voltage magnitude) and time into account,
generating an output voltage representing total radiation dosage.
 To integrate a signal representing water flow, producing a signal 26

representing total quantity of water that has passed by the

flowmeter.
4.7 DIFFERENTIATOR dvin
vo   RC
dt

 A differentiator circuit differentiates the input voltage signal over time by

performing the derivative of the input voltage. It produces a constant output
voltage for a steadily changing input voltage.
 Application:
 Can represent the derivative calculus function inside of an analog computer, include
rate-of-change indicators for process instrumentation.
 One such rate-of-change signal application might be for monitoring (or controlling)
the rate of temperature change in a furnace, where too high or too low of a
temperature rise rate could be detrimental. 27
 The DC voltage produced by the differentiator circuit could be used to drive a
comparator, which would signal an alarm or activate a control if the rate of change
exceeded a pre-set level.
4.8 COMPARATOR
Op-Amp can be used as
comparator but without
a feedback connection

Case 1: The signal > Vref. If the signal is slightly higher

than the reference voltage, the open loop gain
will drive the output to the maximum positive,
Vout = +Vmax.
Case 2: The signal < Vref. If the signal is slightly less
than the reference voltage, the open loop gain 28

will drive the output to the maximum negative,

4.8 COMPARATOR

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 4.8 COMPARATOR
 EXAMPLE: the input signal in figure (a) is applied to the comparator
circuit in figure (b). Draw the output showing its proper relationship
to the input signal. Assume the maximum output levels of the op-
amp are ± 12 v.
 SOLUTION:
 The reference voltage is set by R1 and R2 as follows:
R2
VREF  VCC   1k 15  1.63V
R1  R2 8.2k  1k

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