Dr.

Nadia Adrus
MASS TRANSFER
Can: occur in distillation, absorption, LLE,
membrane process…

mechanisms

Molecular
Convective diffusion
mass transfer
Basic;
Conc gradient high to low conc
mol/m3 or mol/l

Molar Flux
distance J A*  N A   DAB dc A (Fick’s law)
m
𝑚𝑜𝑙 dz
𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠 2
DAB = diffusivity 𝑚
coefficient 𝑠
N A  k(CA1  CA 2 )
k =mass transfer coefficient
Rate  N A  N A  A
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠

𝑚
𝑠
Molecular diffusion

Dirt in air
xA2
Component B gas
medium liquid Sugar molecule in water
solid
Protein filtration through
membrane
xA1

Component A [ mol/m3 or mol/l ]

= molecule or
solute

Stagnant B Case 2: Equimolar counter diffusion

Case 1: (EMCD)
non-diffusing
Fundamental:
CA Concentration A [mol/m3]
nA nA
xA mol fraction A (binary mixture)
n n A  nB
PA partial pressure A
PA  x A  P

total pressure

Ideal gas law:

PV = nRT
𝑛𝐴 𝑃 𝐴
Total 𝑐=¿ 𝑛 ¿ 𝑃 Conc of A 𝑐 𝐴= =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
conc 𝑉 𝑅𝑇

PA cA
Mole fraction xA  
P c
 J A*  N A   DAB dc A (Fick’s law)
dz
dc A  d cx A  ¿ 𝑐 𝑑 𝑥 𝐴

J A*  −𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 dx A diffusion when the whole

dz fluid is not moving

General equation of molecular diffusion (with convection):

dx A c A
N A  cDAB  (N A  NB )
dz c
dx B cB
NB  cDBA  (NA  N B )
dz c
EQUIMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION – Gas Phase

P = pA + pB = 3 atm
c = c A + cB

NHe pHe = 0.1 atm Connect two tanks Migration

pHe = 0.7 atm
of
molecules

pN2 = 2.3 atm NN2 pN2 = 2.9 atm

To balance
pA1 pA2 pressure on
both sides
z1 z2
Δz

Since total P = constant;

NET mole of He diffuse to the right = mole of N2 diffuse to the left

N A  N B 𝐽 ∗𝐴 ¿ − 𝐽 ∗𝐵 c = c A + cB
dc A  dcB
DAB  DBA 𝑑𝑐 𝐴
− 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑧 ¿ − (
− 𝐷 𝐵𝐴
𝑑𝑐 𝐵
𝑑𝑧 )
 EQUIMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION – Gas Phase NA = -NB

dx A c A
N A  cDAB  (N A  NB )
dz c Total 𝑐= 𝑛 = 𝑃
0 conc 𝑉 𝑅𝑇
dx A c A
N A  cDAB  (N A  N A ) Mole 𝑃𝐴 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
dz c 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝐴=
fraction 𝐴 𝑃 𝑃
𝑑 𝑥𝐴
𝑁 𝐴=− 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑧

Boundary condition Boundary condition 𝑃 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
𝑁 𝐴=− 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
z = z1 x = xA1 z = z1 x = pA1 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 ∙ 𝑑𝑧
z = z2 x = xA2 z = z2 x = pA2
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
𝑁 𝐴=−
𝑧2 𝑥 𝐴2 𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑧
𝑁 𝐴∫ 𝑑𝑧=−𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵𝑥∫ 𝑑 𝑥 𝐴 𝑧2
𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑝 𝐴2
𝑧1 𝐴1 𝑁 𝐴∫ 𝑑𝑧 =− ∫ 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
𝑧 1
𝑅𝑇 𝑝𝐴1

𝑁 𝐴 ( 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 ) =− 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 ( 𝑥 𝐴 2 − 𝑥 𝐴 1 )

𝑁 𝐴=𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
( 𝑥 𝐴1 − 𝑥 𝐴2
)
𝑁 𝐴=
𝑅𝑇 (
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑝 𝐴 1 −𝑝 𝐴 2
𝑧2− 𝑧1 )
𝑧2 − 𝑧1
EQUIMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION – Gas Phase

In terms of mole fraction: In terms of partial pressure:

𝑁 𝐴=𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
( 𝑥 𝐴1 − 𝑥 𝐴2
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 𝑁 𝐴=
𝑅𝑇 (
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑝 𝐴 1 −𝑝 𝐴 2
𝑧2− 𝑧1 )
In terms of conc:
𝑐 𝐴1 𝑐 𝐴2
=𝑥 𝐴1 =𝑥𝐴 2
𝐶 𝐶

( )
𝑐 𝐴1 𝑐
− 𝐴2
𝐶 𝐶
𝑁 𝐴= 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑧 2− 𝑧1

𝑁 𝐴=𝐷 𝐴𝐵 ( 𝑐 𝐴 1 −𝑐 𝐴 2
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑐 𝐴1− 𝑐 𝐴2 Driving force
𝑁 𝐴=
( 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 ) / 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 Resistance
 Diffusion through stagnant, nondiffusing B NB = 0

dx A c A 0
N A  cDAB  (N A  NB )
dz c

𝑐𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑑 𝑝𝐴
= 𝑥 𝐴¿ 𝑑 𝑥𝐴= 𝑃 𝑓2
𝐶 𝑃 𝑃 𝑁 𝐴 ( 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = 𝐷 ln
𝑅𝑇 𝐴𝐵 𝑓 1
𝑑𝑥 𝐴

[ ]
𝑁 𝐴=− 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 +𝑥𝐴 𝑁 𝐴 1−
𝑝 𝐴2
𝑑𝑧 𝑃 𝑃
¿ 𝐷 ln
𝑅𝑇 𝑝 𝐴1
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐴𝐵
1−
𝑃 𝑁 𝐴 ( 1− 𝑥 𝐴 ) =− 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑃
𝑐¿ 𝑅𝑇 𝑑𝑧

( ) [ ]
𝑝𝐴 𝑃 𝑑𝑝 𝐴 𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑃 −𝑝 𝐴 2
𝑁 𝐴 1− =− 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑁 𝐴= ln
𝑃 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 𝑑𝑧
𝑅𝑇 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 𝑃 −𝑝 𝐴 1
𝑧2 𝑝
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝐴2
𝑑𝑝 𝐴
𝑁 𝐴∫ 𝑑𝑧 =− ∫
( )
𝑧
𝑅𝑇 𝑝𝐴1 𝑝𝐴
1
1−
𝑃
𝒑 𝑩 𝟏= 𝑃 − 𝑝 𝐴 1

𝑝𝐴
𝒑 𝑩 𝟐= 𝑃 − 𝑝 𝐴 2
𝑓 =1 −
𝑃 𝑧2 𝑓2
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑝𝐴 𝑁 𝐴∫ 𝑑𝑧=− ∫ 𝑓
𝑑𝑓 =−
𝑃
𝑑𝑝 𝐴=− 𝑃 𝑑𝑓
𝑧 1
𝑅𝑇 𝑓 1
𝑁 𝐴=
𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑅𝑇 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1
ln
[ ]
𝒑𝑩 𝟐
𝒑𝑩 𝟏
𝑁 𝐴=
𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑅𝑇 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 [ ][
ln
𝒑𝑩 𝟐 𝒑𝑩 𝟐 − 𝒑𝑩𝟏
×
𝒑𝑩 𝟏 𝒑𝑩 𝟐 − 𝒑𝑩𝟏 ]
pB 2  pB 1 p A1  pA 2
pBM  
ln( pB 2 pB1 ) ln(P  pA 1 P  p A2 )

𝑁 𝐴=
𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
[ ]
1
𝑅𝑇 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 𝑷 𝑩 𝑴
( 𝒑 𝑩𝟐 − 𝒑 𝑩𝟏 )

𝑁 𝐴=
𝑅𝑇 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1 [
𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝒑 𝑨𝟏 − 𝒑 𝑨 𝟐
𝑷𝑩𝑴 ] At any time t

P = pA1 + pB1= pA2 + pB2

THE LEVEL DROPS AS DIFFUSION PROCEED

zo to
to determine time

zf tf

Rate  N A  N A  A Assume cross section area A = 1 m2 basis

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2
𝑠 𝑚 ∙𝑠

𝑚 2 N A  N A 1
𝑘𝑔
: molecular wt of A 𝜌 𝐴 ( 𝑑𝑧 ∙1 ) 3
( 𝑚 ∙𝑚 2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚 ¿
: density of A 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
𝑀 𝐴 𝑑𝑡
[ ]
𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝒑 𝑨𝟏 − 𝒑 𝑨𝟐 ∙𝑠
𝑁 𝐴= 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑅𝑇 𝑧 𝑷𝑩𝑴

Replace NA
𝜌 𝐴 ( 𝑑𝑧 )
𝑀 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑇 𝑧
=
𝑷𝑩𝑴[
𝑃 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝒑 𝑨𝟏 −𝒑 𝑨𝟐
] is used to calculate𝐷 𝐴𝐵

A D P( pA1  pA 2 )
 
zF tF
zdz  AB dt
MA RTpBM
 A RTpBM zF2  zo2 
zo o

A 2 zF DAB P( pA1  pA 2 ) tF 
z  tF rearrange 2M A DAB P( pA1  pA 2 )
2M zo RTp
 - Naphthalene ball (A)
Varying area (eg: sphere in gas) - Gas medium (B)
Surface area
𝑁𝐴 𝑁 𝐴 𝑁 =− 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
for sphere = =¿ 𝐴
( )
4𝜋𝑟
2
𝐴 𝑅𝑇 𝑝𝐴
1− 𝑑𝑟
𝑃

𝑟2 𝑝𝐴2
𝑝 𝐴2
𝑁𝐴 𝑑𝑟 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
rearrange: ∫ =− ∫ at a large
( )
4𝜋 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑅𝑇 𝑝𝐴1 𝑝𝐴
1
1−
𝑃
distance away
𝑝𝐴
𝑓 =1 −
𝑃
0

[ ]
𝑑𝑝𝐴

( )
𝑁𝐴 1 1 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝑃 − 𝑝 𝐴2 𝑑𝑓 =−
− = ln 𝑃
if r2 >> r1 4 𝜋 𝑟1 𝑟 2 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 − 𝑝 𝐴1 𝑑𝑝 𝐴=− 𝑃 𝑑𝑓

[ ]
1 𝑁𝐴 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝒑 𝑨𝟏 −𝒑 𝑨𝟐
0
r2 2 ¿2 𝑁 𝐴¿1 if pA1 small to P 𝑃 𝐵𝑀 ≈ 𝑃
4 𝜋 𝑟1 𝑅𝑇𝑟𝑟 11 𝑷 𝑩𝑴
𝑝 𝐴1 𝐷1
𝑐 𝐴 1= 𝑟1=
2
𝑅𝑇
Mass flux on the surface
2 DAB c A1  c A 2 
N A1 
D1
 Diffusion through stagnant, nondiffusing B NB = 0

dx A c A 0
N A  cDAB  (N A  NB )
dz c

𝑐𝐴 𝑝𝐴 𝑑 𝑝𝐴
= 𝑥 𝐴¿ 𝑑 𝑥𝐴=
𝐶 𝑃 𝑃
𝑑𝑥 𝐴
𝑁 𝐴=− 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 +𝑥𝐴 𝑁 𝐴
𝑑𝑧

𝑃 𝑑𝑥 𝐴
𝑐¿ 𝑅𝑇 𝑁 𝐴 ( 1− 𝑥 𝐴 ) =− 𝑐 𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑟

(
𝑁 𝐴 1−
𝑝𝐴
𝑃 )
=−
𝑃
𝑅𝑇
𝐷 𝐴𝐵
𝑑𝑝 𝐴
𝑃 𝑑𝑟

𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑝 𝐴
𝑁 𝐴=−
( )
𝑅𝑇 𝑝𝐴
1− 𝑑𝑟
𝑃
 DAB Varied with component,
pressure & temperature

at another T & P should be corrected

1.75
𝑇
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 ∝
𝑃
𝐷 𝐴𝐵 1 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 2
( )
1.75
= 𝑇2
𝑇
1.75
𝑇2
1.75 ⟹ 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 2=𝐷 𝐴𝐵 1
1 𝑇1
𝑃1
𝐷 𝐴𝐵1 𝑃 1= 𝐷 𝐴𝐵2 𝑃 2⟹ 𝐷 𝐴𝐵 2=𝐷 𝐴𝐵 1 𝑃 2

Air is usually component B

𝑀 𝑎𝑖𝑟 =0.21 ( 32 ) +0.79 ( 28 )=29 𝑔 / 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Prediction of DAB
1
 1 1 
-7 3 2
Chapman and Enskog 1.8583 x 10 T 2

equation DAB    
P AB
2
 D , AB  MA MB 

MA, MB - molecular weight of species A and B

sAB - Average collision diameter
ΩD,AB - collision integral
T - Temperature in K
P - absolute pressure in atm
1
 1 
2

 M  1M 
-7 1.75
1.00 x 10 T
DAB   B

 
A
Fuller equation 2
P  v A    vB 
1 1
3 3

, - Atomic diffusion volumes

Table 6.2-2
Prediction of DAB

for butanol:

𝐶𝐻 3 𝐶𝐻 2 𝐶𝐻 2 𝐶𝐻 2 𝑂𝐻

↪𝐶4 𝐻10 𝑂=4(16.5 )+10 (1.98)+5.48=91.28

Multiple component system

A gas diffusion in a mixture of component B,C,D,E

DAM P
NA   p A1  p A2 
RT z 2  z1  piM

where
1
DAM 
x 'B x
 C
'
x
 D
'

DAB DAC DAD  ......

xC xB
 xC'  x 
'
B
(1 x A ) (1 x A )
MASS TRANSFER
MASS TRANSFER
To maintain a pressure close to 1 atm, an industrial pipeline
containing ammonia gas is vented to ambient air. Venting is
achieved by tapping the pipe and inserting a 3 mm diameter
tube, which extends for 20 m into the atmosphere. With
entire system operating at 25 C, determine the mass rate of
ammonia lost to the atmosphere and the mass rate of
contamination of the pipe with air. What are the mole and
mass fractions of air in the pipe when the ammonia flow rate is
5 kg/h?
MASS TRANSFER
The condenser in a methanol distillation system has a small cooler
before the vent pipe. The vapor volume of the cooler is 0.005 m3,
while the vent pipe discharging to the atmosphere at a pressure 1
bar has a diameter of 35 mm and a length of 0.5 m. The
temperature in the cooler and vent is 21.1 C, and the partial
pressure of methanol in the cooler is 100 mmHg. The binary
diffusion coefficient for a methanol-air mixture is 0.13x10-4 m2/s
at 273 K, and the molecular weight of methanol is 32.

a. Assuming the air cannot exit the condenser through its inlet
and outlet ports, estimate the weekly loss of methanol vapor
(kg/week) due to diffusion through the vent pipe to the
atmosphere
b. Once per hour the heat rate for the distillation process is
varied, causing the vapor in the cooler to expelled. Estimate
the additional weekly lost of methanol,
MASS TRANSFER

Methanol Vapor
inlet Vent Pipe
Cooler

condenser
MASS TRANSFER

Mass transfer is occurring from a sphere of naphthalene having a radius of

10 mm. The sphere is in a large volume of still air at 52.6 oC and 1 atm abs
pressure. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 52.6 oC is 2.0 mmHg. The
diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 0 oC is DAB = 5.16 x 10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface in kg-mol/s.m 2
(mass flux).
 MASS TRANSFER: LIQUID PHASE

CASE 1: EQUIMOLAR COUNTER DIFFUSION IN LIQUID

Assuming constant cross section
area
Average concentration kg-mol A/m3

DAB (c A1  cA 2 ) DABc av(x A 1  x A 2 ) Mole fraction of A

NA  
z2  z1 z2  z1

Average Concentration: Average density

    1  2 
cav        2
M av  M1 M2 

Average molecular weight

 MASS TRANSFER

Case 2: stagnant or non-diffusing B , constant cross section area

DAB cav
NA  (x A1  x A 2 )
(z2  z1 )x BM

where: x B2  x B1
x BM 
ln (xB 2 xB 1 )
 MASS TRANSFER
Diffusion
coefficient in liquid
phase.
 MASS TRANSFER: Prediction of DAB

• Stokes-Einsterin: Temperature in K

9.96x1016 T
DAB 
V 1/A 3 Solute molar volume in m3/kg

Viscosity in Pa.s atau kg/m.s

• Korelasi Wilke-Chang Association parameter Molecular weight of B

T
DAB  1.173x10 16
(M B )
1
2

BVA0.6
- Association parameter: 2.6 (water), 1.9 (methanol), 1.0 (benzen
and other organic solvent)
yang lain
VA - atomic molar volume of A (Table 6-3.2)
MASS TRANSFER
DAB Varied with
component, pressure
and temperature

pA1 dr
r1
r2

pA2=0
 MASS TRANSFER

The solute HCl (A) is diffusing through a thin film of water (B) 2.0 mm
thick at 283 K. The concentration of HCl at point 1 at one boundary of
the film is 12 wt% HCl (density 1 = 1060.7 kg/m3) and at the other
boundary at point 2 it is 6.0 wt% HCl (2 = 1030.3 kg/m3). The diffusion
coefficient of HCl in water is 2.5 x 10-6 m2/s. Assuming steady state and
one boundary impermeable to water, calculate the flux of HCl in
kg-mol/s.m2.
MASS TRANSFER: IN SOLID
General equation:
dx A c A
N A  cDAB  N A  NB 
dz c
cA/c [NA + NB] is usually small, hence the general equation become,
dx A
N A  cDAB
dz
dcA
N A  DAB
dz
c A1  c A 2
N A  DAB
z2  z1
Solubility
m3(STP)/atm.m3 solid
SpA
cA 
 22.414
 MASS TRANSFER

SpA SpA
c A1  cA 2 
22.414 22.414

hence,
DAB S(pA 1  pA2 ) PM ( pA1  pA 2 )
 NA   
22.414(z 2  z1 ) 22.414(z2  z1 )

where, PM  DAB S

Permeability,
MASS TRANSFER
Radial coordinate: NA dx
NA   cDAB A
A dr
N dc
N A  A  DAB A
A dr

Cylinder ?

Sphere ?
MASS TRANSFER
MASS TRANSFER
A flat plug 30 mm thick having an area 0f 4.0 x 10-4
m2 made of vulcanised rubber is used to closing an
opening in a container. The gas CO2 at 25 °C and 2
atm pressure is inside the container. Calculate the
total leakage of CO2 through the plug to the
outside in kg-mol CO2/s at steady state. Assume
that the solubility of CO2 gas is 0.9 m3 gas (at STP
of 0 °C and 1 atm) per m3 rubber per atm pressure
of CO2. The diffusivity is 0.11 x 10-9 m2/s.
 MASS TRANSFER

Satu produk perubatan bersuhu 25 C dibungkus dengan

menggunakan dua lapisan pelindung iaitu getah tervulkan
(vulcanized rubber) 0.15 mm dan polietilena 2.0 mm. Diberi
tekanan separa H2 di luar adalah 0.2 atm dan tekanan di dalam
bungkusan 0.01 atm.

a) Kira fluks resapan H2 pada keadaan mantap. Anggapkan

rintangan resapan di luar dan di dalam bungkusan diabaikan.

b) Jika resapan (a) perlu dikurangkan 50% manakala lapisan

polietilena perlu dibuang bagi menjaga bahan produk,
berapakah ketebalan lapisan getah tervulkan perlu diletakkan.
MASS TRANSFER

Gas hidrogen pada tekanan 2 atm dan suhu 303 K mengalir melalui
satu paip berdiameter 40 mm dan mempunyai ketebalan 0.5 mm.
Permukaan luarnya terdedah kepada aliran gas di mana tekanan
separa hidrogen adalah 0.1 atm. Pekali keresapan,DAB dan
kebolehlarutan, S bagi hidrogen melalui dinding paip adalah 1.8 x
10 -11 m2/s dan 160 kg mol/m3.atm.

i. Kira kadar resapan hidrogen melalui paip seunit panjang

dalam unit kg /s.m .

ii. Jika paip ini ditebat dengan satu lapisan polietilena (

kebolehtelapan, PM = 6.53 x10-12 m3 H2 ( STP) /s.m.atm)
setebal 0.75 mm, kira jumlah hidrogen yang hilang melalui
dinding paip dalam masa satu jam.
MASS TRANSFER
Bagi menguji alat kawalan pembakaran ekzos kenderaan, anda
perlu menghasilkan suatu gas campuran 5.0 ppm ( isipadu) [ p arts
per million] hidrokarbon dalam udara. Campuran ini dihasilkan
dengan cara membenarkan wap hidrokarbon dari lapisan cecair
meresap melalui suatu tiub kecil ke dalam aliran udara. Aras cecair
hidrokarbon dalam tiub diandaikan tetap. Untuk udara dengan
kadar alir 1.67x10-5 m3/s, berapakah saiz tiub yang diperlukan jika
aras cecair hidrokarbon ialah 0.1 m di bawah hujung tiub tersebut.
Diberikan;

Pekali resapan untuk hidrokarbon pada 40 C (DAB ) = 1.0 x 10-5

m2/s
Tekanan separa wap hidrokarbon = 10132.5 Pa
Tekanan jumlah = 101325 Pa.
Suhu sistem = 25 C
MASS TRANSFER
MASS TRANSFER
MASS TRANSFER
 MASS TRANSFER: CONVECTIVE
MASS IS TRANSFERRED DUE TO FLOWING OF FLUID ON THE
SOLID SURFACE.

GENERAL EQUATION WHICH EFFECTED BY TURBULENT FLOW;

dx A
N A  c(DAB  M )  x A (N A  N B )
dz

Mass eddy diffusion, m2/s


 MASS TRANSFER: CONVECTIVE
Case : Equimolar counter diffusion in gas phase NA = -NB

dy A
N A  c(DAB  M )  y A (N A  N B )
dz
dy A
N A  c(DAB  M )
dz Mole fraction in gas phase
 dc A
N A  (DAB  M )
dz

 dz  (DAB  M )  c dc A
z2 cA 2
NA z1 A1


(DAB  M )
NA  (c A1  c A 2 )
z2  z1
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE

' (DAB  M )

k 
c
(z2  z1 )

Hence, N A  k (c A1  c A 2 )
'
c

Equimolar mass transfer coefficient

 N A  kG' ( pA1  pA 2 )

N A  k (y A1  y A 2 )
'
y


MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE

N A  k'c (c A 2  c A1 )  kG' ( pA 2  p A1 )  k'y (yA 2  y A1 )

Conversion between mass transfer coefficient in gas phase

P
kck
'
c  kG' P  k y'
'
c
RT


 MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
Case : diffusing through stagnant, nondiffusing B

dy A
N A  c(DAB  M )  y A (N A  N B )
dz
NB  0

(DAB  M )
 NA  c av (y A1  y A 2 )
 (z2  z1 )y BM

(DAB  M ) c A1 c A 2 

NA  c av   
(z2  z1 )y BM c av c av 

(DAB  M )
NA  (c A1  c A 2 )
(z 2  z1 )y BM

MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE

N A  kc (c A 2  c A1 )
Mass transfer coefficient (DAB  M )
for stagnant B kc 
(z2  z1 )x BM

Relationship between mass

transfer coefficient for kc 
kc'
equimolar and stagnant B x BM

N A  kc (c A 2  c A1 )  kG ( pA 2  pA1)  k y (y A 2  y A1 )

MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
 MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE

Gas phase:
P p
kc'  k c BM  kG' P  kG pBM  k y y BM  k y'  kc y BM c  kG y BM P
RT RT
Liquid phase:

 kc' c  k L' c  k L  / M  k x x BM  kx'  k L x BM c

HOW TO ESTIMATE, kc

MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
Dimensionless number

Sherwood number k'c L (k c y BM )L k'x L

N sh   
DAB DAB c DAB

Schmidt number N Sc 
DAB

Stanton number k'c k'G P k'y
N St   
 v GM GM
GM  v / M av  vc
Mass transfer J-factor

J  k'c N
N Sc   N Sh /N Re .N Sc 
k'G P
 Sc  
2 2 1
3 3 3
D
v GM

MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
CASE 1: FLOW IN PIPE

water
cAo cAi cA

Benzoic acid
Solubility of benzoic acid in water, 2.948x10 -2 kg-mol/m3

Lamina flow : NRe < 2100 Using figure 7.3-2

Rodlike flow Gas

Parabolic flow Liquid ( small values of DAB )

2
W c A  c Ao  W  3
 400
DAB L  5.5 
c Ai  c Ao D L
 AB 
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE

Turbulent flow: 0.6  N Sc  3000

k'c D (kc pBM )D 0.83 1

N Sh    0.023N Re N Sc 3
 DAB DAB


MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
CASE: Flow parallel to flat plate

NRe < 15000, for gas phase

0.5
J D  0.664N RE ,L

1
J D  Nsh / (NRE .N sc3 )

Rearrange;

k 'c .L 0.5 1
Nsh   0.664N RE , L Nsc3
DAB
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
15000< NRE ,L < 300000

0.2
J D  0.336N RE ,L

Liquid phase: 600 <NRe< 50 000

 0.5
J D  0.99N RE ,L
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
CASE: flow past single sphere
NO. Schmidt between 0.6 - 2.7, gas phase

NO. Reynold between 1 - 48 000

0.53 1
Nsh  2  0.552N RE , L Nsc 3

Liquid phase, NO. Reynold between 2 - 2000

0.50 1
Nsh  2  0.95N RE , L Nsc3
NO. Reynold between 2 000 - 17 000

N sh  0.347N 0.62 1

RE ,L N sc3
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
Flow past single cylinder

0.487
J D  0.600N RE
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
Zarah atau titisan kurang dari 0.6 mm
Menganggarkan pekali pemindahan jisim dari gelembung gas kecil ke cecair
atau dari fasa cecair ke permukaan zarah mangkin kecil, mikroorganisma atau
titisan minyak.
   c  p
1

2DAB 
2/ 3  c g 
3

k L   0.31NSc 
DP  c 
2

Particle or bubble > 2.5 mm

1

0.5 c g
 3
kL  0.42N Sc  2 
  c 
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
Untuk No. Reynold antara 10 - 10,000, aliran gas
0.4548 0.4069
JD  JH  NRE

Diameter of particle
No. Reynold, Halaju permukaan
DPV 
NRE 

Untuk No. Reynold antara 0.0016 - 55, aliran cecair
No. Schmidt 165 - 706000

1.09 23
JD  N
 RE
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
Untuk No. Reynold antara 55 - 1500, aliran cecair
No. Schmidt 165 - 10690

1.09 2
JD  N RE3
 Voidage of bed

Untuk No. Reynold antara 55 - 1500, aliran cecair

No. Schmidt 165 - 10690

0.250 0.31
JH  N
 RE

Untuk aliran terbendalir - sfera

0.72
 J D  1.1068N RE
MASS TRANSFER
Untuk menetukan jumlah fluk pemindahan:

(CAi  CA1 )  (CAi  CA2 )

N A  Akc (CAi  CA1 )
ln
(CAi  CA2 )
1. Tentukan JD

2. Kirakan kc dengan menggunakan JD

3. Tentukan luas permukaan sentuh, A

A  aV b
6(1   )
a
Dp
MASS TRANSFER : CONVECTIVE
A solid pole, 0.05 m in diameter and 5 m tall, is spray painted with
a very thin coat of paint. The paint contains a volatile solvent. The
vapor pressure of the solvent at 298 K is 1.27 x 10 4 Pa and
diffusivity of the solvent vapor in air at 278 K is 9.62 x 10 -6 m2/s.
The estimated loading of solvent in the wet paint on the pole is
0.12 g of solvent per cm2 of cylinder surface.
Determine the minimum time to dry the painted pole if air at 298
K and 1.013 x 105 Pa pressure flows normal to the pole at a
velocity of 1 m/s.
MASS TRANSFER
Pure liquid benzene (C6H6) at 290 K flows as a thin film down the outside
of a vertical, 0.08 m diameter cylinder at a flow rate 4 kg/hr. Dry air at
290 K and 1 atm flows perpendicular to the cylinder at a velocity of 4
m/s. The liquid benzene exerts a vapor pressure of 8100 Pa.

Determine the length of the cylinder if the entire outer surface of the
cylinder is used for the evaporating process, and all of the benzene
flowing down the cylinder evaporate. Assume that surrounding air
serves as an infinite sink for mass transfer.
MASS TRANSFER

Dry air at a temperature of 300 K, total pressure of 1 atm, and

velocity of 0.5 m/s blows parallel to the length of a pool of liquid
water maintained at 278 K. The length of the pool is 10 m and the
width is 4 m. At 278 K, the vapor pressure of water is 1620 Pa.
What is the evaporation rate of water from the pool?
MASS TRANSFER
MASS TRANSFER
MASS TRANSFER