TRACKING BACK HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL

EVOLUTION
 THEORY OF EVOLUTION

• It suggests that one species could

over time, evolve into another
(Ember, 2002)
• The earliest member of the
primate family, their fossils were
recorded 5.5 million years old.
While the others were 4.4 million
years.

HOMINID
 STONE TOOLS

• Most of these
materials are for
survival purposes
intended for various
endeavors.
 OLDOWAN TOOLS

• Appear to be versatile,
used for slitting,
dismembering and
making sharp point
objects.
 LARGER STONE
TOOLS

• These are used to

hack off tree
branches and to cut
and chop tough
animal joints.
HOW DO THEY
LOOK LIKE?
 BODY SIZE
• They are 3 to 4 feet
tall and weighs
around 350 pounds
like an average male
gorilla.
BRAIN SIZE

• They have relative

brain size that is
only 30% of a
human brain only.
 WEAPONS

• Most of it are large fruits,

stones, and sharp tree
branches used against
unwanted enemies.
 • They are the first definite Hominid species,
as characteristics they possess such as
small canines, flat and thick enamel molars
provides clues about their existence.
• They are fully bipedal based on footprints
found near the excavation areas.

AUSTRALOPHETICUS

LUCY: THE HUMANKIND EARLIEST ANCESTOR

 PARTIAL REMAINS

• It was found in Afar

Triangle near the
Hadar Region,
Ethiopia.
 • It was classified as
“Australopithecus
Afarensis” and 2.9
million years ago.

PARTIAL REMAINS OF ‘LUCY’

FOOTPRINTS FOUND IN TANZANIA
 HOMO HABILIS
• Known as the “Handy Man” and believed to
have existed two million years ago.
• They have lightly built brain-case, projecting
face and jaws relatively large front teeth but
small narrow cheek teeth
 CHARACTERISTICS
• They developed tools primarily for
scavenging and are more intelligent
to the hominids.
• They weighs around 25-40 kg with
long powerful-muscles and arms
believed for climbing abilities
• Evolved very shortly after the Habilis
about 1.7 million years ago, they are
the first hominid species to be widely
distributed in the Old World.

HOMO ERECTUS
 JAVA MAN

• He found what he called as

‘Pithecantropus Erectus’ or “erect ape
man”. However, he was not sure about
what he had discovered.
 MAN’S MIGRATION

• After its discovery, it

suggests that man’s
ancestors moved to
Africa to Asia.
 RECENT DISCOVERIES

• In Dmanisi, Georgia a Homo Erectus

fossil was found and it was dated 1.7
million years ago which suggests they
may have moved out earlier.
 CHARACTERISTICS
• They have thick, long, and low with flat
frontal area skulls.
• Their teeth are small and has third molar
• The brain measures between 895 to 1040
cubic centimeters.
They have mixed traits with Homo
Erectus and believed to have
existed more than 200,000 to
500,000 years ago.
HOMO SAPIENS
NEANTHERDALS
• They are known as the
distinct species of homo
sapiens roamed around
the Earth 70, 000 years
ago
 NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

Also called the Agricultural Revolution, the

shift to agriculture from hunting and
gathering changed humanity forever. The
Neolithic Revolution—also referred to as
the Agricultural Revolution—is thought to
have begun about 12,000 years ago.
 NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

• It describes the origin or impact of food

production-plant cultivation and animal
domestication.
• The word ‘Neolithic’ was derived from
techniques of grinding and polishing stone
tools
 MIDDLE EAST

• In Mesopotamia (Iraq), the world’s first

irrigation was developed
• Plant cultivation and the animal
domestication started in Fertile Areas
 AFRICA

• Around 12,000 B.P., domestication of cattle

began and this is where milk production also
traced its roots.
 ASIA
• In China, the so called Yellow River
Civilization where the Millet and Cereal
cultivation which was believed to be the food
source of the world’s population originated
• In India, the so called Indus River Valley
Civilization where the first state originated.
EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATION

WHERE DID
CIVILIZATION
REALLY
STARTED?
 FERTILE CRESCENT

• A region in the Middle East which

curves like a quarter moon shape,
who’s lands are comparatively moist
and fertile.
 CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION

• It is a term that describes how

civilization emerged independently
SYSTEM OF WRITING
 RIVERS DID YOU
NOTICED
SOMETHI
NG?
• It provided water
that is important for
large scale
agriculture to store
surplus.
FOUR CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION

• Tigris-Euphrates River Civilization

• Nile River Civilization
• Yellow River Civilization
• Indus Valley Civilization
•A region now part of Iraq.
•Greeks call it “Between the
River” or the Fertile
Crescent which lies within
this area.

TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER
 TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER
CIVILIZATION
• There are 3 cities that flourished here
namely: Eridu, Uruk, and Ur
• Archaeological evidences suggests
strong abundance on Natural
Resources
 NILE RIVER CIVILIZATION

• It is the major flowing river in northeastern

Africa.
• Annual flooding made it possible for the
existence of a civilization here that enabled
Egypt to earn the title “Gift of Nile”
YELLOW RIVER CIVILIZATION

• It was settled by farmers.

• According to legend, Xu Dynasty
arose and flourished during the
prehistoric period
YELLOW RIVER CIVILIZATION

• It was believed that Shang Dynasty

arose here sometime 1500-1700 B.C..
• This is where the different Chinese
Ethnic groups and culture began
YELLOW RIVER CIVILIZATION
• Hierarchical society was established
here
• Arts and Sciences flourished within the
periphery of this area
• “Anyang” served as its capital city.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

• It is unique because it rose then

immediately fell leaving only
mysterious ruins to testify to its
existence.
• It flourished between 2600-1700 B.C.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

• Located in the modern-day Pakistan, it

was discovered sometime in the
1920’s.
• It has 3 cities namely: Harappa,
Dholariva, and Mohenjo Daro
WHAT ARE ITS
FEATURES?
FEATURES OF CIVILIZATION
• Perry (1983) said that Historians used
civilization to distinguish pre-historic
societies and more advanced societies that
developed later.
• It is composed of four features: Cities,
Writings, Specialization and Government.
 CITIES
WRITINGS
SPECIAIZATION
GOVERNMENT
RELEGION
RISE OF CIVILIZATION & STATE

• Sumerian Civilization
• Egyptian Civilization
• Greek Civilization
• Roman Civilization
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
• They developed irrigation system for farming
and they were able to establish city-state
• It introduced the “Cuneiform” writing system or
using wedged-shaped symbols on clay tablets
and records were made possible because of
this.
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
• They developed irrigation system for farming
and they were able to establish city-state
• It introduced the “Cuneiform” writing system or
using wedged-shaped symbols on clay tablets
and records were made possible because of
this.

CUNEIFORM WRITING
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

• They introduced the concept “God-King”

in the persona of a Pharaoh and
“Hieroglyphic Writing” or using pictures as
a form of writing.
• They were pioneers of “After Life”
Memorial Monuments.

PYRAMID OF KHAFRE
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

• It emphasized man as an “Independent Entity”

• It introduced the concept of “Democracy” and
they held election for issues throughout
Athens.
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

• It emphasized man as an “Independent Entity”

• It introduced the concept of “Democracy” and
they held election for issues throughout
Athens.

OLYMPIC GAMES
LIBRARY
ARCHITECTURAL MOTIFS
 ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• They were the ones who promulgated the

concept of “Republicanism” a government
headed by two consuls namely Patricians and
the Plebeians
• The advisory council they have is the senate.
DEMOCRACY
 DEMOCRATIZATION

• The process by which social groups have

made claims through protests or strikes.
• It encapsulates the expansion of a set of
related political ideals with different quality
aroused during the modernity
 OVERVIEW OF DEMOCRACY

• Democracy is a government of the people in

a sense that full population of its citizens will
be actively engaged in various activities that
embodies the Democratic ideals.
 ROOTS OF DEMOCRACY

• The concept of Democracy a trend during the

“Age of Enlightenment” was traced from the
Athenian ideals and Roman republicanism and
it was coupled with liberalism and socialism.
 WHAT MAKES
IT LEGITIMATE?
 ELECTORAL PROCESS

• Where people are free to choose its own

leaders through election and they must abide
with the end result and hopes that it will get
its desired outcomes through the process.
 MODERN DEMOCRACY
• Democracy now has a tranquilizing effect, it
involves pacification or subjugation
• A government needs to submit each issue that
requires a decision from the voters who would
too difficult to function in the modern world.
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF DEMOCRACY
POPULAR SUPPORT OF GOVERNMENT

• The legitimacy of the lawmakers are based on

the support given by them through votes.
• It is their key for the preservation of their
respective positions.
 POLITICAL COMPETITION

• Brought by the discernible differences of

various parties due to their leanings, it creates
rivalry among people.
 ALTERNATION IN POWER

• The basis of power for actual officeholders and

in terms of prevailing ideas.
• You don’t know if the next term will belong to
the opposition
 POPULAR REPRESENTATION
• Voters elect representatives to act as
legislators as voice to protect their general
interest.
• It is said that a system is not democratic
unless the legislators treat election as a
mandate to carry out constituents wishes
 MAJORITY RULE

• The greatest number of citizen should

generally become the policy of the government
• Should there will be conflicts, a group that will
stand and decide for the common good.