Density

Under supervision Dr \ Walid samir

Density

 The amount of darkness in the radiographic

image reflects the radiographic density
factors controlling and influencing
density

Primary factors

Secondary factors
Primary factor

Direct

In Direct
Proper low high
image density density
density
 DIRECT EFFECT

1 3
2 Focal
Exposure
mA spot -film
TIME distance
 1- exposure time

What will increase density ?

Low High
exposure exposure
time time
 1- exposure time

What will increase density ?

Low High
exposure exposure
time time
 1- exposure time

Why ?
If we increase exposure time (more than required) this will result in:
-Increase number of rays reaching the film ->increase density giving
very dark image.
*If we decrease the exposure time (less than required) this will result
in:
Decrease density -->Decrease number of rays reaching the film -->
resulting in a faint image
 2- mA s

What will increase density ?

higher lower
mA s mA s
 2- mA s

What will increase density ?

higher lower
mA s mA s
 2- mA s
Why?
The higher the mAs - the more the electrons > the more the x-rays
will strike the film -> the greater the quantity of the metallic silver
deposited on the film emulsion the darker is the image.

Clinical significance ?
1- Proper milliamperage (8-12 m A) indicates that we have proper
heating of
the filament and proper number of rays reaching the film, thus
proper degree
of blackening of the film i.e. optimum density.

2- Exposure time and milliampere are interchangeable and are

considered as a "single factor mAs", which is called (Exposure)
 3- focal spot film distance

What will increase density ?

shorter greater
Focal spot Focal spot
-film -film
distance distance
 3- focal spot film distance

What will increase density ?

shorter greater
Focal spot Focal spot
-film -film
distance distance
 3- focal spot film distance

Why?
the shorter the target - film - distance N the more the
number of x-rays (Quantity) -> the more is the density.

Clinical significance?
during exposure of intra-oral periapical films using paralleling
technique, exposure time is raised to four times that of the bisecting-
angle technique since in the later a short cone of length 8-inches is
used while in the former a long cone of 16-inches is used.
Indirect effect

KVP
 KVP

What will increase density ?

higher lower
KVP KVP
 KVP

What will increase density ?

higher lower
KVP KVP
 kvp
Why?
When the kVp is increased beyond the required limit, this will increase
the overall power of penetration of the x-ray beam resulting in more
photons striking the emulsion which in turn will result in a dark image
since almost all of the x-rays will be of short wave length thus the
amount of hitting rays is increased and vice versa.
Clinical significance?
The kVp of conventional x-ray units is from (60-70 kVp) or
(60-90 kVp)
 Secondary
factors

Processing
factor Grids
collimation

Type of film Filtration

Intensifyin
g screen

The
radiograph
ed
(exposed)
Intensifying screen
Screen intensification factor

Screen intensification factor

•At 50 kv the intensification factor is 60
•At 60 kv the intensification factor is 80
•At 70 kv the intensification factor is 100
 object density

Object density is determined by type of material (metal,

tooth structure.
composite, etc.) and by amount of material.
The more the object density, the more are the x-rays
 Object size

The larger the patient's head and body built, the more x-
rays that are needed
to produce an ideal film density
 Filtration

What will increase density ?

increased decreased
filtration filtration
 Filtration

What will increase density ?

increased decreased
filtration filtration
 Filtration
Why?
Proper filtration affects the quality of X-ray beam as it removes the soft harmful
rays.
Increased filtration --> Decrease quantity of rays --> Decrease density of image
(faint).
Filtration (less than normal): Decreased filtration --> Increase passage of soft rays--
> ff Increase scattering -> inc.Fog -> Indirect Increase density of image (dark).

Clinical significance ?
Added filtration above 2.5 mm Al increase exposure factors to maintain
density.
•Remember; added filtration is used as a means of reducing patient
exposure to radiation. Filters should not be removed during routine
examination
Note that!
Filtration affects number of soft rays only because number of hard rays is controlled by
mA
 collimation

What will increase density ?

increased decreased
collimation collimation
 collimation

What will increase density ?

increased decreased
collimation collimation
 collimation

Why?
Increasing Collimation (more than normal) --> decreased size of
collimator hole --> Decrease quantity of rays --> Decrease size of
beam -->Decrease density of image (faint) .

Decreasing Collimation (less than normal) --> increased size of

collimator --> Increase size of beam --> Increase quantity of rays
(more soft rays) Increase density of image (dark due to fog).
BY \
ABDALLAH AYMAN
MUHAMMAD ESSAM
MUHAMMAD FARRJ
MUHAMMAD