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EDIT-Environmental Impact Assessment
EDIT-Environmental Impact Assessment
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
What is EIA?
– Environmental
– Social
– Economic impacts
What is EIA?
State PCB
Initiation of EIA
Agency
Public Hearing
Report to Proposer
MoEF
EIA Principles
• Basic Principles
– All stages of EIA
– Purposive
– Rigorous (best practicable solution)
– Relevant & cost-effective
– Efficient
– Participative
– Interdisciplinary
EIA Principles
• Operating Principles
– How the Basic Principles should be
applied to the main steps & specific
activities of EIA process
• Screening
• Scoping
• Identification of impacts
• Assessment of alternatives
Process
• Key Elements:
– Screening
– Scoping
– Identifying & evaluating alternatives
– Mitigating measures
– Environmental statements
Process
• Screening
– Whether or not a proposal should be subject
to EIA
– Subjected to EIA at what level of detail
– Schedule 1: Required in every case (thermal
power stations)
– Schedule 2: If project gives rise to
environmental effects due to nature, size or
location (holiday village, shipyard)
Process
• Preliminary Assessment in early
stages if screening fails to clear a
project
Research Data Review Expert Advice
• Identification
– Compile a list of key impacts
– Name all the project’s sources of impacts
– List possible receptors in the environment
– Identify impacts themselves
extent/location
timing
duration
reversibility
likelihood (risk)
significance
Impact Identification Methods
Receptors in environment:
• Human health and safety
• Flora, fauna, ecosystems
• Soil, water, air, climate and landscape
• Use of land, natural resources and raw materials
• Protected areas and sites of special significance
• Heritage, recreation and amenity assets
• Livelihood, lifestyle & well being of affected
communities
Impact Identification Methods
1. Checklists
2. Matrices
3. Networks
4. Overlays & geographical information
systems (GIS)
5. Expert systems & professional
judgement
Impact Identification Methods: Checklist For rural
and urban water supply and sanitation projects
Aspects of EI A Checkl i st Questi ons Yes No Addi ti onal
Wi l l the pr oj ect: Data needs
Sour ces of I mpacts 1. Require t he ac quis it ion or c onv ers ion of s ignif ic ant areas
of land f or res erv oir/ t reat ment work s et c . (e. g. > 50 ha
rural, > 5 ha urban)?
2. Res ult in s ignif ic ant quant it ies of eroded mat erial, eff luent
or s olid was t es ?
Envi r onmental I mpacts 8. Caus e a not ic eable permanent or s eas onal reduc t ion in
t he v olume of ground or s urf ac e wat er s upply ?
9. Pres ent a s ignif ic ant pollut ion ris k t hrough liquid or s olid
was t es t o humans , s ourc es of wat er ex t rac t ion,
c ons erv at ion wort hy aquat ic ec os y s t ems and s pec ies , or
c ommerc ial f is h s t oc k s ?
10. Change t he loc al hy drology of s urf ac e wat er-bodies (eg
s t reams , riv ers , lak es ) s uc h t hat c ons erv at ion-wort hy or
c ommerc ially s ignif ic ant f is h s t oc k s are aff ec t ed?
11. I nc reas e t he ris k of dis eas es in areas of high populat ion
dens it y (eg onc hoc erc ias is , f ilarias is , malaria, hepat it is ,
gas t roint es t inal dis eas es )?
12. I nduc e s ec ondary dev elopment , eg along ac c es s roads ,
or in t he f orm of ent repreneurial s erv ic es f or c ons t ruc t ion
and operat ional ac t iv it ies ?
Mi ti gati on Measur es 13. Be lik ely t o require mit igat ion meas ures t hat may res ult in
t he projec t being f inanc ially or s oc ially unac c ept able?
Comments
Sour ces of I mpacts 1. Require the ac quisit ion or conv ers ion of signif icant areas
of land f or res erv oir/ treatment works et c. (e.g. > 50 ha
rural, > 5 ha urban)?
2. Result in significant quantities of eroded material, effluent
or solid wast es?
Mi tigati on Measur es 13. Be lik ely t o require mitigation measures that may result in
the project being financially or s ocially unacceptable?
Comments
Signature: Delegat ion. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... Desk. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ..
Impact Identification Methods: Checklist
Birds -2T
Fisheries
Beneficial +1 +2 +3 +4
Detrimental -1 -2 -3 -4
W - 0 0 0.5 0.5
X 1 - 1 0 2
Y 1 0 - 0 1
Z 0.5 1 1 - 2.5
Impact Identification Methods: Matrices
To o small an area
fo r an imal n u mb ers
New Ro ad
Deman d fo r Ex p an sio n o f Mo re Aircraft Mo re & Brid g e at Old
Mo re Mo re
Cu rio s Raftin g Jetties & Ho tels/Camp s Fly in g Ov er Mo to r Drift/Zamb ezi
In creased & To u rist Facilities Falls & To wn Veh icles Natio n al Park
Licen ces Bo at Licen ces
• Good display
• Simple to understand if kept simple
• Links action to impact
Impact Identification Methods: Overlays
& GIS
• To illustrate geographical extent of
different environmental impacts
• Each overlay is a map of a single impact
• Prediction
– Scientific characterization of impacts
– Secondary & synergetic consequences for
environment & local community
– Prediction uncertainty
– Direct impacts
Process
Main EIA
2. What will be the extent of the changes?
Reduced water quality
Toxic liquid effluents
Socio-cultural changes
Types of uncertainty in impact prediction
• Scientific uncertainty
– Limited understanding of
ecosystem/community affected
• Data uncertainty
– Incomplete information or insufficient
methodology
• Policy uncertainty
– Unclear or disputed objectives or standards
Process
Main EIA
3. Do the changes matter?
• Evaluation
– Significant enough changes to warrant
mitigation
• Accepted standards
• Pre set criteria
• Acceptability to the local community
Process
Main EIA
4. What can be done about them?
• Mitigating measures
– Prevent
– Avoid
– Minimize actual or potential
adverse effects of project
– Quantify cost
Process
Main EIA
4. What can be done about them?
• Mitigating measures
– Abandon/modify proposal
– BATNEEC (Best Available Technology Not
Entailing Excessive Costs)
Appendices:
• Glossary of technical terms and units
• List of the team who prepared the EIA
• Records of public meetings and consultations
• Catalogue of information, both data and written
material, and their source
• Technical information too detailed for the main text.
Process
5. How can decision makers be informed of
what needs to be done?
• Review of EIS
– to determine whether report meets its terms of
reference
– provides a satisfactory assessment of the
proposal(s)
– contains the information required for decision
making
Process
Granting of environmental clearance of
projects
• Site clearance = environmental clearance?
• Conveying information at much later stage
to stakeholders
Process
Projects exempted from public hearing
• Small scale industrial undertakings located
in notified industrial areas
• Widening & strengthening of highways
• Mining projects (major minerals) with lease
areas upto 25 hectares
• Units located in export processing zones /
SEZ
• Modernization of existing irrigation projects
Process
• Decision Making
– to approve or reject the proposal
– to establish the terms and conditions for its
implementation
• Follow up
– to ensure that the terms and condition of approval are
met
– to monitor impacts of development and effectiveness
of mitigation measures
– To strengthen future EIA applications and mitigation
measures
– Undertake environmental audit and process
evaluation to optimize environmental management
For case studies refer to:
http://www.eiatoolkit.ewt.org.za/provinces/
casestudy.html
What after EIA?
• Precautionary Principle
Consideration of alternatives
Decision
– This project could not be granted
authorization in view of its irreversible
negative consequences
What after EIA?
• Polluter Pays Principle
– Payment method designed to
finance pollution control activities
– Does not guarantee cost efficiency
in environmental protection
– Extent of environmental damage?
– Preventive measures?
– Poor pollute more. What is the
payment method?
What after EIA?
• Polluter Pays Principle: Case study
– Oil tanker owned by Exxon spilled out over
300,000 barrels of crude oil into the sea
– Caused significant environmental hazard
– Exxon was forced to pay $125 million in fines
to federal government and Alaska
– $900 million into a fund for environmental
projects controlled by government, habitat
protection, and scientific research, among
other things
What after EIA?
• Beneficiary Pays Principle
–Wealthy should pay for keeping
environment intact