CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
 LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEM

 COMPONENTS
 HEART
 ARTERIES
 CAPILLARIES

 LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
 LYMPH VESSELS
 LYMPHOID ORGANS
 DIVISIONS

 MACROVASCULATURE: > 0.1µm, large

arterioles, muscular & elastic arteries,
muscular veins

 MICROVASCULATURE: < 0.1µm, arterioles,

capillaries, post capillary venules

 Exchange vessels
 TISSUE COMPONENTS
 Endothelium
 Muscular tissue
 Connective tissue (Elastic elements)

ENDOTHELIUM:
 Semi permeable barrier
 Monitor bidirectional exchange
 Conversion of Angiotensin I– II
 bradykinin, serotonin, PGs---inert
 Lipolysis
 Produce Vasoactive substances

 Thrombosis, emboli
 VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLES
 Present in all vessels EXCEPT capillaries and
post capillary venules
 Enclosed in basal lamina & connective tissue
 Arranged helically
 Connected by gap junctions
VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Variable proportion
 Collagen, IV, III, I
 Elastic fibers
 Ground substance; heterogenous gel
 ATHEROSCLEROSIS & AGING
 STRUCTURAL PLAN OF BLOOD
VESSELS

 TUNICA INTIMA
 Endothelium
 Basal lamina
 Sub endothelial connective tissue
 Internal elastic lamina
 TUNICA MEDIA
 Smooth muscles
 Elastic lamellae, reticular fibers
 Ground substance elements
 External elastic lamina
 TUNICA ADVENTITIA
 Collagen & elastic fibers

 VASA VASORUM
 Vessels of vessels
 Arterioles, capillaries, venules in adventitia

 INNERVATION
 Sympathetic fibers (norepinephrine)
 Vasoconstriction
 Arteries in Skeletal Muscles- cholinergic
vasodilator fibers
 LARGE ELASTIC ARTERIES
 T. INTIMA
 Intima is thicker
 Internal elastic lamina, though present not
prominent

 T. MEDIA
 Concentric lamellae of elastic fibers (40-70)
 Reticular fibers, smooth muscles

 T. ADVENTITIA
 Less developed
 MEDIUM SIZED, MUSCULAR
ARTERIES
 T. INTIMA
 Subendothelial layer thicker
 Prominent internal elastic lamina

 T. MEDIA
 Smooth muscles- 40 layers
 Elastic fibers

 T. ADVENTITIA
 Connective tissue, vasa vasorum, lymphatics
 SMALL ARTERIES & ARTERIOLES
 <0.5mm lumen
 Thin subendothelial connective tissue
 Int. elastic lamina absent in small arterioles
 T. Media: smooth muscle layer
 Adventitia is thin
 CAPILLARIES
 Diameter : 7-9 µm
 Sigle layer of endothelum
 PERICYTES: cells at periphery enclosed in own basal
lamina
 Mesenchymal origin
 Actin, myosin– contractile properties
 Role in repair process

 TYPES
 Continuous
 Fenesterated
 sinusoidal
 CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
 No fenesterations, complete basal lamina
 Pinocytic vesicles
 Location:
 Muscles, nervous tissue, exocrine glands
 FENESTERATED CAPILLARIES
 Transcellular openings
 Limited by cell membrane
 Covered by diaphragm ( thinner than cell
membrane)
 In endocrine glands
 Kidneys etc
 SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
 Diameter 30-40µm
 Endothelial cells discontinuous layer
 Fenesterations without diaphragm
 Incomplete basal lamina
 Macrophages
 Found in liver, hematopoietic organs
 POST CAPILLARY VENULE
 DIAMETER 0.5-1mm
 Pericytes
 Endothelium + thin subendothelial connective tissue
 Media– pericytes

 MUSCULAR VEINS
 Thin subendothelial layer, may be absent
 Media: smooth muscles + reticular fibers
 valves
 LARGE VEINS
 Well developed intima
 Thin media
 Very thick adventitia
 Further three layers
 Smooth muscles
 HEART
 Modified blood vessel
 ENDOCARDIUM:
 Simple squamous epithelium
 Sub endothelial connective tissue
 Sub endocardial connective tissue ( veins,
pukinje fibers, arteries)
 MYOCARDIUM:
 Thickest layer of cardiac muscles
 Arrangement
 EPICARDIUM:
 Loose connective tissue ( veins, nerves, ganglia)
CARDIAC FIBROUS SKELETON
 Septum membranaceum
 Trigona fibrosa
 Annuli fibrosa
 Composed of dense connective tissue

 VALVES: core of connective tissue, covered

by endothelium

 CONDUCTING SYSTEM
 LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEM

 LYMPH CAPILLARIES:
 Single layer of endothelium
 Incomplete basal lamina

 LYMPH VESSELS:
 Structure similar to veins, thinner walls

 LARGE DUCTS:
 Similar to veins, smooth muscles