BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

(Course Code: ECE 1005)

Module-1:Lecture-4
OHM’S LAW
Dr. GBR
Sr. Assistant Professor
School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE)
VIT-AP University
 CONTENTS

Module-1

 DC circuit Basics  Circuit Theorems

 Basic terminology recap  Superposition theorem
 Classification of circuit components  Thevenin’s theorem
 Cost of energy calculations  Maximum power transfer theorem
 Sources
 Series & parallel connection of circuit elements
 Star to Delta transformation
 Ohms law, Kirchhoff’s laws
 Voltage & Current division, source transformation

DC Circuit Analysis 2
 BOOKS

Textbooks

1. S K Bhattacharya, Basic electrical and electronics engineering, 2nd edition, 2018, Pearson.

References

1. Charles K Alexander, Mathew N O Sadiku (2012), Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 5thedition, Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. S. B. Lal Seksena, Kaustuv Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Cambridge University Press,
2016.
3. John Bird (2010), Electrical circuit theory and technology, 4thedition, Newnes publications.
4. Fitzgerald, Higgabogan, Grabel (2009), Basic Electrical Engineering, 5th edition, McGraw Hill.

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DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

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 In scientific units: Volts = Amperes x Ohms

Alessandro Volta Andre-Marie Ampere Georg Simon Ohm

1745 - 1827 1775 - 1836 1789 - 1854
Ohm discovered the merger

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 Ohm’s Law
“At a constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through a fixed
linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it,
and also inversely proportional to the resistance.”
• Discovered in 1825
• Relates 3 key quantities in electrical circuits
• Voltage (V)
• Current (I)
• Resistance (R)
• V=IxR
• Voltage = Current x Resistance Georg Simon Ohm
• In scientific units: Volts = Amperes x Ohms
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 Ohm’s Law in practise
Consider a wire with resistance 0.2 ohms. Increases voltage in steps of 50
volts from 50 to 500. Current is: Voltage/Resistance Current ranges from
50/0.2 = 250 amps(A) in steps of 250A to 500/0.2 = 2500A

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 Ohm’s Law
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity.

Fig. (a) Short circuit (R = 0), (b) Open circuit (R = infinite).

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 Topology
1. Circuit – a circuit is a closed loop conducting path in which an electrical current flows.
2. Path – a single line of connecting elements or sources.
3. Node – a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit were two or more circuit elements
are connected or joined together giving a connection point between two or more branches. A node is
indicated by a dot.
4. Branch – a branch is a single or group of components such as resistors or a source which are
connected between two nodes.
5. Loop – a loop is a simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit element or node is encountered
more than once.

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 Topology

A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of network topology:

 Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.
 Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.

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 Series & Parallel Resistors

• Series Connection:
• Resistors are connected in a single path.
• Same amount of current will flow through
every component, but the voltage will change.
• Parallel Connection:
• Allows multiple paths for the charge to travel
throughout the circuit.
• Voltage will remain the same across each
resistor but the current will change

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 Series & Parallel Resistors

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the

sum of the individual resistances.

The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of their
resistances divided by their sum.

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 Series & Parallel Resistors

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the

sum of the individual resistances.

The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of their
resistances divided by their sum.

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 Series & Parallel Resistors- Simplifications
• To analyze a circuit:
• You need to be able to identify which elements are in series and which elements
are in parallel:

(a)

RT = R1+(R2||R3||R4)+R5 RT = R1||(R2+(R3||R4)) RT = ??

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 Series & Parallel Resistors

Determine the Rbc of this network: Rbc = 20+(160||((50||(100+50))+40))

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 Series & Parallel Resistors
1
Parallel( = 37.5)
Series (100+50 = 150) 1 1
+
50 150

150Ω 160Ω 37.5Ω

40Ω

Series (37.5+40 = 77.5)

160Ω 77.5Ω 52.2Ω Rbc = 72.2Ω

1
Parallel (
1 1
= 52.2) Series (20+52.2 = 72.2)
+
160 77.5

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Series & Parallel Resistors

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Series & Parallel Resistors

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