Introduction to Analytical

Chemistry
Module 1
1.) Definition:

The Science of Chemical Measurements

2.) Types of Questions Asked in Analytical Chemistry

a.) What is in the sample? (qualitative analysis)
b.) How much is in the sample? (quantitative analysis)

.
Review of Calculations used in
Analytical Chemistry
Module 2
Units
To a large extent, analytical chemistry is a science of measurement and
measurements require minimizing errors

Unit of Measurement

SI Units
a.) international units of measurement
(metric units)
b.) ALL SI units are based on certain
fundamental quantities
Dimensional Analysis (factor-label method)
is based on the relationship between different units that express the same physical quantity.

A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form of sugar) is 0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in milligrams (mg)?
(1 lb = 453.6 g.).
Mass and Moles
The mole
1 mole = 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
= 6.02 x (Avogadro constant)

Molar Mass:
Atomic Mass, Ave. Atomic Mass, Molar Mass
MASS 
MOLES
1. Zinc (Zn) is a silvery metal that is used in making brass (with copper) and
in plating iron to prevent corrosion. How many grams of Zn are in 0.356
mole of Zn?
2. The C60 molecule is called buckminsterfullerene because its shape
resembles the geodesic domes designed by the visionary architect R.
Buckminster Fuller. What is the mass (in grams) of one C60 molecule?
Molecular Mass, Molar Mass of a Molecule or a Compound

Calculate the molecular mass (in amu) of caffeine:

How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea [CO], which is
used as a fertilizer, in animal feed, and in the manufacture of polymers?
The molar mass of urea is 60.06 g.
Calculating Compound’s % Composition
Cinnamic alcohol is a fragrant compound used in soaps. Its molecular
formula is . Calculate the mass percent for each element in cinnamic
alcohol.
Example 1:
A newly synthesized compound has a percent composition of 40.92%
carbon, 4.58% hydrogen, and 54.50% oxygen. What is the compound’s
empirical formula?
Example 2:
In synthesizing a compound containing only sulfur and fluorine, a
chemist reacts 4.69 g of S with an excess of fluorine, obtaining 15.81 g
of product. Assuming that all the sulfur ends up in the product,
determine the product’s empirical formula.
Example 3:
A 0.255-g sample of an organic compound containing only carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen is analyzed by a combustion analysis, producing
0.561 g of and 0.306 g of . What is the compound’s empirical formula?
Example 4
Fructose is a type of sugar found in fruits and honey. Analysis of a 2.00-
g sample shows that it contains 0.80 g of C, 1.06 g of O, and 0.14 g of H.
An independent analysis shows that fructose has a molar mass of 180
g/mol. What is the molecular formula for fructose?
Chemical Reactions and
Chemical Equations
 Stoichiometry
the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Mole Method
• the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation can be
interpreted as the number of moles of each substance.
Limiting and Excess Reactants

𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟐+𝑶 𝟐 → 𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟑
200 mols 100 mols
• In stoichiometric proportion is LR
• If reaction proceeds to completion, all are is ER
consumed

• Limiting Reactant – reactant that is present in

𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟐+𝑶 𝟐 → 𝟐 𝑺𝑶 𝟑 less than its stoichiometric proportion relative
100 mols 100 mols to every other reactant
• is less than its stoichiometric proportion, it
will disappear first
Identifying the LR

• balance the reaction

• convert mass into moles
• divide by coefficient
• reactant with smaller
number is limiting
Reaction Yield

• Theoretical yield - the amount of product that would result if all the
limiting reagent reacted
• Actual Yield - the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑑= 𝑥 100 %
𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑