Concrete work

 Introduction to Concrete Mix Ingredient

Objective Of Concrete Work Is To Obtained
 Quality
 Durable
 Serviceable
 Aesthetical
 Economical structure by using proper mix ingredient
Elements of concrete mix ingredient
 Aggregate (course and fine aggregate )
 Sand
 Cement
 Water
 Sometimes Admixture(like epoxy )
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• Aggregate
 Aggregate is the skeleton of concrete mix by containing more than
70% of the total mix.
 aggregate can be manufactured either manually or mechanically
using a machine called ‘crasher’.
 Aggregate can be classified based
Based on their source
 Natural Aggregate: manufactured from sand, gravel, sand stone.
 Artificial Aggregate: manufactured from broken bricks.
Based On their Size
 Coarse Aggregate: is an aggregate bigger than 4.75mm in dia.
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 Fine Aggregate: is an aggregate below a diameter of 4.75mm size
Based On their Site of Production
 Onsite Production: provided for small scale construction
 Production out of the site: provided for large scale construction
Based On System of Production
 Manual production: for low quality & small scale construction
 Mechanical production: for high quality & large scale construction
Based on their Weight
 Heavy weight: 2800 to 6400Kg/m3
 Normal weight: 2160 to 2560 Kg/m3
 Light weight: 1360 to 1840Kg/m3
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Based On Their Chemical Composition
 Argillaceous: Composed of primarily from Al2O3, the chief
component of clay.
 Siliceous: Composed of primarily from SiO2
 Calcareous: Composed of primarily from calcium
carbonate or lime CaCO3.
Based on their size: 00,01,02,03,04 Aggregate
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 The quality of aggregate for mix can be assessed in terms of
its:
Shape
Texture
Bond
Strength
Specific gravity:
Hardens:
Physical and chemical stability:
Chemical and mineralogical composition
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Sand
 Sand is a fine, medium or coarser construction material which is
used as ingredients’ of concrete mix-design.
 It is a natural material found along the banks of major rivers.

Water
 Drinking water is generally suitable for making concrete mix
design
 The total amount of water used In concrete mix is depend on:
 Consistency Of Fresh Concrete
 Quality Of Aggregate To Be Used
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Water used in concrete mix-design has two
functions
 To react chemically with the cement, which
will finally set and harden
 To lubricate all other materials and make the
concrete workable
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• Site Quality Test of Mix-Ingredient
The quality of mix ingredient in the site can be tested as follow.
 Sand quality: can be checked by three methods
 Using Test Jars
 By hand squeezing
 By visual inspection
 Water quality: water for mix design should be potable if
possible.
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 Cement quality: can be checked by
 By observing the expired date of the package
 By simply observing the color of cement powder
 By comparing its producer company
 By observing the quality designation of cement package
 Aggregate quality: can be checked by observing their
 Grain size and shape
 source of aggregate
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 Procedures For Mix Design
 Check the quality of mix ingredient
Measure the quantity of mix ingredient
Clean the mixing drum(mixer)
 Add some water to mixing dram
 Add aggregate
 Add sand
 Add fine cement
 Clean the mixing drum
 Remark: water is added at each step depending on
the consistency of concrete mix required
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The expected strength of concrete is achieved by:
Altering the proportion of mix-ingredient
Change the ingredient with different properties
Increasing the age of curing
Using different admixtures
Properties of fresh concrete
Molded to any desired shape
Easily molded to any desired shape
Uniformity of mix ingredient during the mix
Consistency (degree of fluidity of the mixed concrete)
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Properties of hardened concrete
Not molded to any desired shape
High compressive strength
Durable
Reduced in volume (shrinkage)
Creep (deformation of a member under sustained loads)
Segregation of Concrete
 Segregation is the separation of coarse aggregate from concrete mix.
Cause of Segregation:
 Falling of fresh concrete from large height
 High water cement ratio
 The congestion of bar over fresh concrete
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 Due to improper size of aggregate
 Due to shuttering system of concrete filling
Effect of Segregation:
 Decrease the workability of the mix
 Reduce the strength of concrete
 Reduce the durability of concrete
 Causes weak bond between concrete and rebar
Preventive Measure of Segregation:
 Falling a concrete from small height
 Use vibrator machine
 Using correct water cement ratio
 Avoid shuttering system of concrete filling
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 Types of Concrete
 Reinforced concrete
 Plain concrete
 Mass concrete
 Lean concrete
 Advantage of concrete work
 Simple skill is required for construction
 Create job opportunity
 economical if materials are locally available
 Has high compressive strength
 Fire and weather resistant
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Disadvantage of concrete work
Quality control in the field is difficult
Has less tensile strength
Uneconomical if materials are not readily
available
Difficult to demolish once it has cured
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Equipments & Machines for Mix Design
Mixer
 Gauge Box
Vibrator
 Shovel
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