KwgDwbKkb wm‡÷‡gi

(Concept ofaviYv
Communication System)
GB welqwUi cvV †k‡l Avgiv hv wkL‡ev
t
1. KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I Gi wewfbœ aib m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|

2. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb Gi aviYv jvf Ki‡ev|

3. e¨vÛDBW_ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|
4. †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|
5. †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡ev|
 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡gi aviYv

GK cÿ n‡Z Ab c¨‡ÿ †Kv‡bv

gva¨‡gi Øviv Z_¨ cÖev‡ni
cÖwµqv‡K KwgDwb‡Kkb
ev †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jv †g‡mR
†cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv|
 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡gi aviYv

GKwU KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g mvaviYZ

wZbwU Ask cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
K. †cÖiYKvix ev †mÛvi(Sender)

L. MÖnYKvix ev wiwmfvi(Receiver)
M. gvag (Media)
 wewfbœ ai‡bi KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi aib Abyhvqx KwgDwb‡Kkb‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq t

K)ev‡qvjwRK¨vj KwgDwb‡Kkb
L) MÖvwdK KwgDwb‡Kkb

M) †Uwj-KwgDwb‡Kkb
 wewfbœ ai‡bi KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

e¨w³ I e¯‘i wbwi‡L KwgDwb‡Kkb‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t

1. e¨w³ †_‡K e¨w³

2. e¨w³ †_‡K hš¿
3. hš¿ †_‡K e¨w³
4. hš¿ †_‡K hš¿
 wewfbœ ai‡bi KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

wØcvwÿK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g cuvP

ai‡bi| h_v t

1. AcwUK¨vj KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

2. †iwWI KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

3. Wz‡cø· KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
4. nvd Wz‡cø· KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

5. U¨vKwUK¨vj KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g

 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYv

GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b wKsev GK Kw¤úDUvi

†_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wKsev GK wWfvBm †_‡K
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wWfvB‡m (†gvevBj, ¯§vU©‡dvb,
cv‡m©vbvj wWwRUvj A¨vwmm‡U›U, wRwcGm
†bwf‡MUi BZ¨vw`) Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Z_v Z_¨
wewbgq‡K ejv nq †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb (Data
Communication) ev †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi|
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYv
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYv

†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b †hvMv‡hvM ev KwgDwb‡Kkb

N‡U †WUvÕi gva¨‡g Ges GB KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
Kvh©Ki nq g~jZ `ywU As‡k| h_vt

1. †WUv cÖ‡mwms
2. †WUv UªvÝwgkb
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYv

me KwgDwb‡Kkb KL‡bvB †WUv

KwgDwb‡Kkb wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨ n‡e bv|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1837 mv‡j m¨vgy‡qj

†gvm© †UwjMÖvd
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GwU
wQ‡jv †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Avw`
hš¿ hv †_‡K AvaywbK
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi
m~Pbv N‡U|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1843 mv‡j
wcÖ‡›UW
†UwjMÖvg †gwkb
Pvjy nq| Av‡gwiKvi
†MÖU B÷vb© †ijI‡qi
ZË¡veav‡b GB
†UwjMÖvd †mev
mviv Av‡gwiKv Ry‡o
Pvjy Kiv nq|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1876 mv‡j
Av‡jKRvÛvi MÖvnvg
†ej †Uwj‡dvb
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| Gi
d‡j Zvi gva¨‡g †h
†Kvb †fŠ‡MvwjK
`~i‡Z¡ f‡qm †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kkb m¤¢e
nq|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1895 mv‡j
gvK©bx †iwWI
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
†iwWI ev †eZviB n‡jv
c„w_exi cÖ_g
Zviwenxb ev Iq¨vi‡jm
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi c×wZ|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1947 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z GK`j cÖwZfvevb

weÁvbx UªvbwR÷i ˆZwi K‡ib| AvaywbK hy‡Mi †WUv
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †h e¨vcK myweavm¤úbœ Ges
enb‡hvM¨ B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm e¨eüZ nq Zv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi I Gi e¨vcK Dbœq‡bi d‡j|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1958 mv‡j gvwK©b

Mf‡g©›U KZ©„K
KwgDwb‡Kkb
mswkøó f~-DcMÖn
Dr‡ÿcY Ki‡j Gi d‡j
c~e©eZx©
cÖhyw³¸‡jv AviI
e¨vcKfv‡e we¯Í…wZ
jvf K‡i|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1962 mv‡j wcÖ›U ev ¯‹¨vb Kiv †U·U Ges

Qwe‡K kãZi‡½ cwiYZ K‡i †Uwj‡dvb
jvB‡bi gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ gWz‡jkb Ges
wWgWz‡jkb cÖhyw³i e¨envi ïiæ nq| d¨v·
Avwe®‹v‡ii ci GB c×wZ e¨envi K‡i g‡W‡gi
gva¨‡g †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb e¨vcK
RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1969 mv‡j B›Uvi‡bU †cÖv‡UvKj ev AvBwc Avwe®‹vi

†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnv‡m GKwU gvBjdjK
¯’vcb K‡i| cieZ©x GK `k‡K c¨v‡KU KwgDwb‡Kkb
†UK‡bvjwR Ges A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb †gv‡Wi
Øviv †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK MwZ jvf Kiv
m¤¢e nq| GKB mg‡q ISDN Gi we¯Ívi N‡U hv
evwYwR¨K Ges e¨vw³MZ †WUvi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi
Rb¨ Kvh©Kix GKwU mgvavb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi BwZnvm

1991 mv‡j we‡k^i me©e„nr

†bUIqvK© Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe
Pvjy Kiv nq| GB Iqvì© IqvBW
I‡qe ev www B n‡jv AvR‡Ki
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi †ÿ‡Î
m‡ev©rK…ó DrKwl©Z cÖhyw³
B›Uvi‡bU, hvi gva¨‡g mgMÖ
wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq Avbv m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q|
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb
GKwU †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
mvaviYZ cvuPwU Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ nq|
1. †g‡mR (Message)
2. †cÖiK (Sender)
3. cÖvcK (Receiver)
4. gva¨g (Medium)
5. †cÖv‡UvKj (Protocol)
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb
 †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb g‡Wj I Zvi
Dcv`vb
GKwU wm¤új †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb g‡Wj Gi
wPwýZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv t
1. Drm (Source)
2. †cÖiK (Transmitter/Sender)
3. gva¨g (Communication Channel/Transmission System)
4. cÖvcK (Receiver)
5. MšÍe¨ (Destination)
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb g‡Wj I Zvi Dcv`vb
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)

GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †Kvb

P¨v‡bj w`‡q †h cwigvY †WUv
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zvi cwigvY‡K
e¨vÛDB_ wn‡m‡e cwigvc Kiv
nq| †WUv UªvÝwgkb Gi
GKK‡K bps (bit per second) G
wnmve Kiv nq|
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)
e¨vÛDB_ GKK wnmve (Units of Bandwidth Measurement)
• bps A_© n‡jv bit per second (1 weU = 1 ev 0)
• kbps A_© n‡jv kilobits per second (1024 weU = 1 wK‡jvweU)
• Mbps A_© n‡jv megabits per second (1024 wK‡jvweU = 1 †gMvweU)
• Gbps A_© n‡jv gigabits per second (1024 †gMvweU = 1 wMMvweU)
• Tbps A_© n‡jv Terabits per second (1024 wMMvweU = 1 †UivweU)
• Pbps A_© n‡jv Petabit per second (1024 †UivvweU = 1 †cUvweU)
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)
KwgDwb‡Kkb MwZi †kªwYwefvM
†WUv UªvÝdvi MwZi Dci wfwË K‡i KwgDwb‡Kkb
MwZ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM nq| h_v t

1. b¨v‡ive¨vÛ (Narrowband)
2. f‡qme¨vÛ (Voiceband)
3. eªWe¨vÛ (Broadband)
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)

eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKkb K‡qK iKg n‡Z cv‡i| h_v :

1. wWwRUvj mvem&µvBevi jvBb (DSL)
2. K¨vej g‡Wg (Cable Modem)
3. dvBevi (Fiber)
4. Iq¨vi‡jm (Wireless)
5. m¨v‡UjvBU (Satellite)
6. eªWe¨vÛ Ifvi cvIqvi jvBb (BPL)
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)

eªWe¨vÛ B›Uv‡bU Kv‡bKk‡bi myweavmg~n :

• Wvqvj-Avc Kv‡bKk‡bi Zzjbvq eªWe¨vÛ
Kv‡bKkb GKkZ ¸Y †ewk `ªæZZi|
• eªWe¨vÛ Kv‡bKkb †h gva¨g w`‡q cÖ`vb Kiv nq, GwU †mB
gva¨‡gi Ab¨vb¨ †WUv mvwf©m‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i bv|

• Gi gva¨‡g me©`v B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ _vKv

hvq weavq GwU LyeB myweavRbK|
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)

eªWe¨vÛ B›Uv‡bU Kv‡bKk‡bi myweavmg~n :

• GB Kv‡bKkb cvevi Rb¨ Wvqvj Kivi cÖ‡qvRb

†bB weavq jvBb e¨¯Í cvevi m¤¢vebv †bB|
• eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡b‡U Avbwjwg‡UW GK‡mm cvIqv
hvq Ges Gi g~j¨ Gi mshyw³i mg‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|

• `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKk‡bi cvkvcvwk ¯^íg~‡j¨i

†Uwj‡dvb/wfwWI †dv‡bi †mev (wfIAvBwc) cvIqv hvq|
 e¨vÛDB_ (Bandwidth)

eªWe¨vÛ B›Uv‡bU Kv‡bKk‡bi Amyweavmg~n :

• Wvqvj-Avc Kv‡bKk‡bi Zzjbvq Gi LiP A‡bK †ewk|

• Wvqvj-Avc Kv‡bKk‡bi Zzjbvq GB

Kv‡bKkb A‡bK †ewk SuywKc~Y©|
• me ai‡bi †Uwj‡dvb jvBb w`‡q GB
Kv‡bKkb †`qv m¤¢e bv|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

†h c×wZ‡Z GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨

Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_v GK wWfvBm †_‡K Ab¨
wWfvB‡m †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi ev UªvÝwgU nq
Zv‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W ejv nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ae¯’vbMZ `~iZ¡ Ges †WUvi

ÿz`ªZg GKK weU-Gi web¨v‡mi wfwˇZ UªvÝwgkb
†g_W‡K `ywU †ewmK †kÖwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq| h_vt

1. c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgkb (Paralal Transmission)

2. wmwiqvj UªvÝwgkb (Serial Transmission)

 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

WvqvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †kÖwYwefvM

†WUvUªvÝw
gkb

c¨vi vj vj †WUvUªvÝw
gkb w
mwi qvj †WUvUªvÝw
gkb

w
mb‡µ vbvmUªvÝw
gkb A¨vw
mb‡µ vbvmUªvÝw
gkb AvB‡mv‡µ vbvmUªvÝw
gkb
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgkb (Paralal Transmission)

†h †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi c×wZ‡Z KvQvKvwQ
Aew¯’Z wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii
me¸‡jv weU GKmv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e GKB K¬K
cvj‡m ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgkb
e‡j|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgkb (Paralal Transmission)

 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmwiqvj UªvÝwgkb (Serial Transmission)

†h †WUv UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z K¨v‡i±v‡ii
weU¸‡jv GKmv‡_ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ bv n‡q wmwiqvj
ev avivevwnKfv‡e †h †Kvb `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z
wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Zv‡K
wmwiqvj UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmwiqvj UªvÝwgkb (Serial Transmission)

 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmwiqvj UªvÝwgkb (Serial Transmission)

weU wmb‡µvbvB‡Rk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †WUv

UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t

1. A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous Transmission)

2. wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous Transmission)
3. AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous Transmission)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Asynchronous Transmission)

†h c×wZ‡Z †cÖiK Kw¤úDUvi

n‡Z †WUv MÖvnK
Kw¤úDUv‡i K¨v‡i±vi evB
K¨v‡i±vi UªvÝwgU nq Zv‡K
A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi ˆewkó¨vewj/myweavmg~n

1. B›Uvi‡b‡U GB c×wZ †ewk Dc‡hvMx|

2. †cÖiK †h‡Kvb mgq †WUv cvVv‡Z cv‡i Ges MÖvnK Zv MÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3. †cÖi‡Ki †Kvb cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

4. BÝU‡jkb LiP AZ¨šÍ Kg Ges RwUj mvwK©U QvovB ev¯Íevqb

Kiv hvq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi Amyweavmg~n

1. cÖwZwU e‡Y©i mv‡_ GKwU ÷vU© weU I GKwU ÷c weU †cÖiY

Ki‡Z nq|

2. GKev‡i †ewk †WUv cvVv‡bv hvq bv|

3. wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi †P‡q Kg `ÿ|
4. G‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi MwZ Kg|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi Amyweavmg~n

5. †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii KvR eÜ _vKv Ae¯’vq GwUi UªvÝwgkb

gva¨gwU Ae¨eüZ Ae¯’vq c‡o _v‡K|

6. †WUv PjvPj eÜ _vKvi mgq gva¨gwU Ae¨eüZ Ae¯’vq

c‡o _v‡K|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi e¨envi

1. Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z wcÖ›Uv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i|
2. wK‡evW© n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i|

3. cvÂKvW© wiWvi n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i Ges

Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z KvW© cvÂv‡i †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous Transmission)

†h c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g †cÖiK †÷k‡bi cÖvBgvwi

†÷v‡iR wWfvB‡m †WUv‡K msiÿY Kiv nq Ges
AZtci †WUvi K¨v‡i±img~n‡K eøK (hv‡K c¨v‡KUI
ejv nq) AvKv‡i fvM K‡i mgvb weiwZ‡Z
cÖwZev‡i GKwU K‡i eøK UªvÝwgU Kiv nq
Zv‡K wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb e‡j|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Synchronous Transmission)

 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi ˆewkó¨/myweav

1. cÖwZwU K¨v‡i±v‡ii ci UvBg B›Uvi‡f‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
2. GKev‡i A‡bK Z_¨ cvVv‡bv hvq|
3. UªvÝwgkb MwZ A‡bK `ªæZ nq|
4. `ÿZv †ewk|
5. mgq Zzjbvg~jK Kg jv‡M|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi Amyweav

1. †cÖiK †÷k‡b †cÖi‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR

wWfvB‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

2. GwU Zzjbvg~jK e¨qeûj|

3. mvwK©U †ek RwUj nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi e¨envi

1. Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b|
2. GK¯’vb †_‡K `~ieZ©x †Kvb ¯’v‡b †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡i|

3. GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z GKB mg‡q A‡bK¸‡jv

Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv UªvÝwgk‡bi †ÿ‡Î|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W
(Methods of Data Transmission)

AvB‡mv‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb (Isochronous Transmission)

GB c×wZ‡Z †cÖiK I cÖvcK

†÷k‡bi g‡a¨ †WUv
UªvÝwgkb wW‡j
me©wbgœ ivLv nq| A_©vr
ci ci `ywU eø‡Ki †WUv
UªvÝdv‡ii mgq cÖvq 0
(k~b¨) GKK mgq Kievi
†Póv Kiv nq|
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)
†WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖev‡ni Dci wfwË K‡i A_©vr w`‡Ki ˆewk‡ó¨i
wfwˇZ †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW‡K mvaviYZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv
nq| h_v t

1) wmg‡cø· (Simplex)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

2) nvd-Wy‡cø· (Half-Duplex)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

3) dzj-Wy‡cø· (Full-Duplex)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

cÖvc‡Ki msL¨v I †WUv MÖn‡Yi AwaKv‡ii Dci

wfwË K‡i †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW wZb cÖKvi|
h_v t

1) BDwbKv÷ (Unicast)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

2) eªWKv÷ (Broadcast)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

3) gvwëKv÷ (Multicast)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

4. A¨vwbKv÷ (Anycast)
 †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW
(Data Transmission Mode)

5. wRIKv÷ (Geocast)
 cvV g~j¨vqb

†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g wewfbœ

Dcv`vb, UªvÝwgkb †g_W I †gv‡Wi Dci
wbf©ikxj - ch©v‡jvPbv Ki|
 evwoi KvR
1. †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Dcv`vb ev Askmg~n Kx Kx eY©bv Ki|

2. †WUv UªvÝwgkb ¯úxW Kx? wewfbœ cÖKvi †WUv UªvÝwgkb m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wjL|

3. †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wjL|

4. wmb‡µvbvm I A¨vwmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgk‡bi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

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