Angular Measurement

ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
Anand P Patel,
Asst. Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engg.,
CSPIT, CHARUSAT
Topics covered:
1. Introduction
2. Angle Measuring Instruments
 Working Principles and Construction
 Applications, Advantages and Limitations
3. Taper Measuring Instruments
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MEASUREMENT
Introduction
 What is angle?
 How it can be measured?
 What is the difference between Taper, Tilt and Angle?
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MEASUREMENT
Angle:
 An angle is the figure formed by

two lines, called the sides of the angle,
sharing a common endpoint, called the
vertex of the angle.
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Angle:
 Angle is measured by two units.
1. Degree.
 Degree is measured by dividing a circle in
equal parts. i.e. 360o.
 Degree is also measure in Minute and
Second by dividing degree and minute with
60.
2. Radians
 Radian is measured by dividing a circle
with 2π measurement and concluding it in
radian.
i.e. 1o = π/180 radian
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MEASUREMENT
Angle:
1. Degree
 Circles are divided into 360 equal parts, each being a degree. Each of these degrees
can be evenly divided into 60 equal parts. These parts are called minutes. These
minutes can be evenly divided into 60 equal parts. These parts are called seconds.
1 Circle = 360 Degrees ( 360° )
1 Degree ( 1° ) = 1/360th of a Circle
1 Degree ( 1°) = 60 Minutes ( 60' )

1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree
1 Minute ( 1') = 60 Seconds ( 60" )

1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute
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Angle:
 Minutes and seconds can each be expressed as decimal or fractional
degrees.
1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree = 0.01667°
1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute = 0.01667’
Change 7°40' to decimal degrees

Divide the minutes by 60
40 divided by 60 = 0.667
Add 0.67 to 7 = 7.667°
7°40' = 7.667°
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MEASUREMENT
Angle:
Change 27o52'35" to decimal degrees
Divide the seconds by 60, add to minutes
35 divided by 60 = 0.5833
Added to the 52 minutes, it becomes 52.5833
Divide the minutes by 60, add to degrees

52.5833 divided by 60 = .8764
Added to the 27 degrees, it becomes 27.8764°

27o52'35" = 27.8764°
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
Angle Measuring Instruments:
There are many instruments which can be used for measuring the angle.
But depends on component size and shape, expected range of angle
variations, location and angular accessibilities of the features to be
measured, required accuracy of measurement and etc., an operator select
the instrument.
Same as liner measurement standards, angle measuring devices also
categorized in two groups.
1.Line standards: Protractors, bevel gauges etc.
2.End or Face standards: Sine bars and angle gauges.
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MEASUREMENT
The following instruments are generally used for angular measurements:
1.Vernier bevel protractor
2.Optical bevel protractor
3.Universal bevel protractor
4.Sine bar
5.Sine center
6.Sine table
7.Angle gauges
8.Clinometer
9.Angle dekkor
10.Auto collimator
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MEASUREMENT
1. Vernier bevel protractor:
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1. Combination set:
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Combination set is set of 04 parts.
A ruler
1.
A protractor head
2.
A square head
3.
A center head
4.
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1. A Scale: One side flat and one side having horizontal slot.
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2. A Protractor Head:
Having a slot for ruler and
tightening screw in center
and also a spirit level at
backside to check flatness
when placed on particular
object
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MEASUREMENT
3. A Square Head:
tightening screw and also a
spirit level at side to check
flatness when placed on
particular object either
vertical or horizontal and
mainly used to check right
angle and object with angle
of 45o.
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
3. A Square Head:
tightening screw and also a
spirit level at side to check
flatness when placed on
particular object either
vertical or horizontal and
mainly used to check right
angle and object with angle
of 45o.
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MEASUREMENT
4. A Center Head:
A V shape part of combination set and angle between two faces is
90o. And it used to mark a center of any circular component.
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MEASUREMENT
4. A Center Head:
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Bar :
Sine bar is a precision instrument used along with slip gauges for the measurement of
angles accurately by locating the work piece with close limits.
Working Principle :
The principle of operation of the sine bar is based upon the application of trigonometry. In
a right angle triangle ABC ,the ratio of the length BC (perpendicular) to that of the length
AB (hypotenuse) is referred to as the sine of the angle θ.
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Bar :
1. For Smaller Component
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Bar :
2. For Larger Component
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Bar :
Limitations:
1.Is fairly reliable for less than 15 o, and becomes increasingly inaccurate as the angle increases. And is
impractical to use for angle above 45 o.
2.Physically clumsy to hold in position.
3.Slight errors cause large angular errors.
4.Size of parts inspected by sine bar is limited.
5.A difference of deformation is occurs at the point of roller contact with surface plate and to the gauge blocks.
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Bar :
Error sources:
1.Error in roller centers distance.
2.Error in slip gauge combination used for angle setting.
3.Parallelism error
4.Flatness error of upper surface.
5.Inequality of roller size and cylindrical inaccuracy errors.
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Centre :
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MEASUREMENT
Sine Table :
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MEASUREMENT
Angle Gauges:
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MEASUREMENT
Angle Gauges:
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MEASUREMENT
 Gauge blocks (also known as gage blocks, Johansson gauges, slip
gauges, or Jo blocks) are a system for producing precision lengths. The
individual gauge block is a metal that has been
precision ground and lapped to a specific thickness. Gauge blocks come
in sets of blocks with a range of standard lengths. In use, the blocks are
stacked to make up a desired length.
 A gauge block is a block of metal or ceramic with two opposing faces
ground precisely flat and parallel, a precise distance apart. Standard
grade blocks are made of a hardened steel alloy, while calibration grade
blocks are often made of tungsten carbine or chromium carbide because
it is harder and wears less.
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MEASUREMENT
 Wringing is the process of sliding two blocks together so that their faces
lightly bond. Because of their ultra flat surfaces, when wrung, gauge blocks
adhere to each other tightly. Properly wrung blocks may withstand a 75 lbf
(330 N) pull. While the exact mechanism that causes wringing is unknown, it
is believed to be a combination of:
1. Air pressure applies pressure between the blocks because the air is squeezed
out of the joint.
2. Surface tension from oil and water vapor that is present between the blocks.
3. Molecular attraction occurs when two very flat surfaces are brought into
contact. This force causes gauge blocks to adhere even without surface
lubricants, and in a vacuum.
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MEASUREMENT
The process of wringing involves four steps:
1.Wiping a clean gauge block across an oiled pad.
2.Wiping any extra oil off the gauge block using a dry pad.
3.The block is then slid perpendicularly across the other block while
applying moderate pressure until they form a cruciform.
4.Finally, the block is rotated until it is inline with the other block.
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MEASUREMENT
After use the blocks are re-oiled or greased to protect

against corrosion. The ability for a given gauge block to wring is
called wringability; it is officially defined as "the ability of two
surfaces to adhere tightly to each other in the absence of external
means."
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MEASUREMENT
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MEASUREMENT
Clinometers:
Clinometers are used for checking angular faces, and relief
angles on large cutting tools and milling cutter inserts. These can
also be used for setting inclined table on jig boring machines and
angular work on grinding machines etc.
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
Working principle:
The angle of inclination of
the rotary member carrying the
level relative to its base can be
measured by this circular scale.
The clinometer is mainly used to
determine the included angle of
two adjacent faces of
work piece.
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
Clinometers:
Different types of clinometers are available:
1.Vernier type
2.Micrometer type
3.Dial type
4.Pendulum type
5.Optical type
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
Auto Collimator:
Auto collimator is an instrument used for measuring small angular
differences, change or deflection, plane surface inspection etc.
Working Principle:
If a light source is placed in the focus of a collimating lens, it is
projected as a parallel beam of light. If this beam is made to strike a
plane reflector, kept normal to the optical axis, it is reflected back along
its own path and is brought to the same focus. If the reflector is tilted
through a small angle θ, the parallel beam is deflected twice that angle
and is brought to a focus in the same plane as the light source, but to one
side at a distance x = 2f θ.
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MEASUREMENT
Construction of Auto Collimator
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MEASUREMENT
Applications of Auto Collimator
1. Measure the straightness and flatness of surfaces.

2. Precise angular indexing in conjunction with polygons.
3. Comparative measurement using master angles.
4. Measure the small linear dimensions.
5. Machine tool adjustment setting.
6. Measure the squareness and parallelism of components.
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MEASUREMENT
Angle dekkor:
Working Principle:
If a light source is placed in the focus of a collimating lens, it is
projected as a parallel beam of light. If this beam is made to strike a
plane reflector, kept normal to the optical axis, it is reflected back along
its own path and is brought to the same focus. If the reflector is tilted
through a small angle θ, the parallel beam is deflected twice that angle
and is brought to a focus in the same plane as the light source, but to one
side at a distance x = 2f θ.
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT
ANGULAR
MEASUREMENT

Angular Measurement

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ANGULAR

 An angle is the figure formed by

1 Degree ( 1°) = 60 Minutes ( 60' )

1 Minute ( 1') = 60 Seconds ( 60" )

Change 7°40' to decimal degrees

Added to the 52 minutes, it becomes 52.5833

Divide the minutes by 60, add to degrees

Added to the 27 degrees, it becomes 27.8764°

1. For Smaller Component

2. For Larger Component

After use the blocks are re-oiled or greased to protect

1. Measure the straightness and flatness of surfaces.

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