Anatomy & Physiology

1st Semester 2023

Past Paper with Answer
By
BSN Nazar Chachar
 Q No1.Difine the term of anatomy & physiology
Answer
Defination
Anatomy and Physiology are the scientific study of the body structure and
their functions. A single organism is composed of billions and trillions of cells,
tissues, and organs.
Anatomy
Anatomy is a branch of natural science and biology which includes: Human
anatomy, animal anatomy, and plant anatomy.

Physiology
Physiology is a branch of natural science and biology which includes
the study of the complete functioning system of a body.
 Q No.2 What are the different functions of blood?
Answer
Functions of Blood

Blood is responsible for the following body functions:

1.Fluid Connective Tissue
2.Provides oxygen to the cells
3.Transports Hormones and Nutrients
4.Homeostasis
5.Blood Clotting at Site of Injury
6.Transport of waste to the Kidney and Liver
7.Protection of the body against pathogen
1.Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of 55% plasma and 45% formed elements
including WBCs, RBCs, and platelets.`

2.Blood absorbs oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of the body.

3.Transports Hormones and Nutrients

The digested nutrients such as glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins are absorbed
into the blood through the capillaries in the villi lining the small intestine.
The hormones secreted by the endocrine glands are also transported by the blood to
different organs and tissue.

4.Homeostasis
Blood helps to maintain the internal body temperature by absorbing or releasing heat
5.Blood Clotting at Site of Injury
The platelets help in the clotting of blood at the site of injury. Platelets along
with the fibrin form clot at the wound site

6.Transport of waste to the Kidney and Liver

Blood enters the kidney where it is filtered to remove nitrogenous waste
out of the blood plasma. The toxins from the blood are also removed by
the liver.

7.Protection of the body against pathogens

The White Blood Cells fight against infections. They multiply rapidly during
infections.
 Q No 3. Discuss the joints according to their classification
Answer
Classification of Joints

There are two different types of joints- Structural and Functional classification of
joints.
1.Structural classification of joints.
2.Functional classification of joints.

1.Structural classification of joints.

According to the structural classification of joints, they are divided into 3 types,
namely:
(a)Fibrous Joints
(b)Cartilaginous Joints
(c)Synovial Joints
2.Functional classification of joints.

Functional classification of joints is based on the type and degree of

movement permitted. Based on the type and degree of movement
permitted. There are six types of freely movable joint.

(a)Ball and Socket Joints

(b)Pivotal Joints
(c)Hinge Joints
(d)Saddle Joints
(e)Condyloid Joints
(f)Gliding Joints.
 Q No 4. Briefly discuss the anatomy & physiology of the
liver?
Answer
Liver

The liver is located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. It is the largest gland in the
human body that performs several important functions. It is the only organ that has the ability
to regenerate efficiently.

Liver Anatomy

Structure of Liver
The liver is a triangular, bilobed structure consisting of a larger right lobe and a smaller
left lobe. The falciform ligament separates the two lobes.
A layer of fibrous tissue called Glisson’s capsule covers the liver. This capsule is covered
by the peritoneum. This protects the liver from physical damage.
It has two main sources of blood:
Hepatic Portal Vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system.
Hepatic Artery carries oxygenated blood from the heart.
Also Read: Facts About Liver

Physiology/Functions of Liver
The important functions of the liver are mentioned below:

Production of Bile
Bile, which helps in the digestion and absorption of fats, vitamins and cholesterol is
produced in the liver.

Absorption of Bilirubin
Bilirubin is formed by the breakdown of haemoglobin. The iron released is stored in
the liver to make next-generation blood cells.

Supporting Blood Clots

Bile is responsible for the absorption of vitamin K. If bile is not produced, clotting
Metabolization of Fats
Bile helps in the breakdown and digestion of fats.

Carbohydrate Metabolization
The carbohydrates stored in the liver as glycogen are broken down into glucose and released into the blood
to maintain glucose levels.

Storage of Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 are stored in the liver. It also stores iron in the form of ferritin to form
new red blood cells.

Metabolization of Proteins
Bile helps in the digestion of proteins.

Filtering Blood
The compounds such as hormones, alcohol, etc are filtered by the liver from the blood.

Immunological Function
The liver contains Kuffer cells involved in immune activity. These destroy any disease-causing agents.
Albumin Production
Albumin transports fatty acids and steroids to maintain correct pressure and
prevent leakage of blood vessels.

Angiotensinogen Synthesis
This hormone is responsible for the narrowing of blood vessels which results
in an increase in blood pressure.

Regeneration of Liver
The liver has the ability to regrow in all vertebrates. The functions of the liver
are not lost during the growth process. In humans, regeneration takes 8-15
days.
In mice, the same process takes around 5-7 days.
 Q No 5. Enlist different phases of cell cycle?
Answer
Cell Cycle
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of any living
being. It is the fundamental building block, which when
combined with similar cells forms a tissue and organs. A cell
comprises several organelles:
① Cytoplasm
② Cytoskeleton
③ Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
④ Golgi apparatus
⑤ Lysosomes and peroxisomes
⑥ Mitochondria
⑦ Nucleus
⑧ Plasma membrane
⑨ Ribosomes