DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Overall Network of a Electrical Utility can be

described as (I) Generating Unit, (II) Transmission
System, (III) Sub-Transmission System, (IV) Primary-
HVDS, (V) Secondary-LVDS.

If we take distribution network primarily, we

means sub-transmission system and a typical one in
terms of line diagram can be depicted as given below:-
66KV OR 33KV BUS

66KV/33KV/11KV

x
11KV BUS
x x x x

11KV/430 V

x
430 V BUS
 More precisely in case of 66KV/33KV/11KV Sub-
Stn. The line diagram can be like this:
66KV BUS
ω
x
CT
BKR

x BKR

CT

ω
LA

PWR
T/F

11KV BUS
ω x
11KV BKR
ω

11KV CTs
PT
x x x

11KV FEEDERS
Isolators - Functions
• Electro mech. Switching device.
• Open/close when there is negligible
current
• Capable of carrying current under
Normal/abnormal conditions.
• Do not have any switching device.
Features
• Three Pole isolators mechanically
coupled.
• Conducting parts supported on post
insulators.
• Conducting parts consist of
Aluminium or Copper rod, fixed and
moving contacts.
Interlocks
• Isolator should not open when bkr is
locked.
• Bus I and II isolators cannot close
simultaneously
• Isolator not to operate when earth
switch is closed
• Earth switch not to close when
isolator is closed
 Types
• Vertical Break
• Horizontal Break
- Central Break
- Double Break
Steps by step procedure for closing and
opening of isolators
While Opening
- Open CKT Breaker
- Open Isolator
- Close Earth Switch
While closing
- Open earth switch
- Close Isolator
- Close Breaker
Circuit Breaker
CKT Breaker is a switching device
whose function is to isolate the fault by
tripping and restoration of rest of supply.
Basic functions are :
• Making
• Carrying
• Breaking
Selection Criteria
– Rated Normal current
– Climatic conditions
– Rated SC Breaking current
– Type of Breaker
– Duration of SC etc.

Types of Breaker
• ACB
• MOCB
• SF6 – Inert, Colourless,
odourless, nontoxic, Incombustible
Gas having excellent di-electric
and
arc quenching properties.
• VCB
• BOCB
• ABCB
Instrument T/Fs.
 CTS & PTS
Pre –requisites for instrument T/Fs
 High reliability
 Capability to withstand
highest system load and fault
currents and transient
voltage
 Low maintenance
 Long and trouble free service
CT’s Purpose
 Basic purpose is to faithfully
reproduce the primary current on
secondary side in terms of
magnitude and phase angle.
ACCURACY
• Ratio Error
• Phase error :Difference between
the
primary current and secondary
current vectors.
Metering Core Protection Core
-Should maintain accuracy - Should maintain
within limits over entire accuracy from
current range of 20 to beyond the rated
120 % of rated current and current to highest
burden range of 25 to 100% level of fault current,
- Preferably saturate should not saturate
beyond the rated current up to highest fault
- Accuracy designed by current.
max. ratio error at 100 % - Accuracy designed
rated burden and current by max. current error
viz. 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 etc. at accuracy limit
current viz. 5P, 10P
and 15P
Transformer :
Transformer is one of most vital and
important electrical machinery. Transformers
are a vital link between Power system and
millions of electricity consumers. Any failure
of this important machine apart from
adversely affecting the large number of
consumers. Also mean considerable
financial loss to the utility. It is therefore very
very important that utmost care is taken in its
design, manufacturer testing, installation and
maintenance.

Transformer types

Oil Filled T/Fs

Gen. Power Distribution

T/F T/F T/F

Single Ph. Three Ph.

T/F T/F
SELECTION:-
Following should be considered as main
governing features for selection of a
transformer.
 Rating
 Taps
 Connection Symbol
 Percentage Impedence
 Cooling System
 Fittings and Accessories
 Termination Arrangement

RATING:-
Rating of Transformer means HV & LV Side
Voltage. KVA Rating of Transformer as per
load requirement.
For parallal running of transformers they must
have identical
(i) Voltage Ratio
(ii) Phase Displacement
(iii) Equal Percentage Impedence

TAPS:-
(i) Off Load Tap Changer
(ii) On Load Tap Changer
CONNECTION SYMBOL:-
Two windings connected in ∆ - ∆ or ∆ - Star,
Star Star as per requirements. The exact connection
symbol Dyn 11 or Dyn 1 is to be specified. Here in
case of Dyn 11 D – means HV Winding ∆
Connected, y means – LV Winding Star Connected,
n means – Availability of Neutral and term 11 means
– Phase angle at which LV Power Supply is
displaced from HV Power Supply.

IMPEDENCE:-
Selection of Percentage Impedence is based
on the Voltage Drop and Robustness of
Transformers to withstand short-circuit/fault current.
More the percentage impedence more is the
withstand capacity of transformer for short
circuit/fault current. But at the same time more
voltage drop. High impedence transformer
consumed more energy or its own working,
contributing to more losses.

COOLING SYSTEM:-
 ONAN
 ONAF
 OFAF
FITTINGS & ACCESSORIES:-
 Main Tank
 OLTC
 HT & LT Bushing
 Buchholz’s Relay
 Radiators
 Silica Breather
 Magnetic Oil Level Gauge
 Oil Temperature Indicator
 Winding Temperature Indicator
 Pressure Relief Valve/Explosion
Vent
 Conservator Tank
 Cooling Fans
 Oil Drain Valves
 Air Cell Breather
Termination Arrangement
• HV and LV terminals may be following as per
method of installation
• Bare out door bushing
• Cable boxes
• Bus Bar
• T/F Life : The term transformer life apparently
gives an impression that it was quite definite but in
fact transformer hardly ever dies.
• It is usually killed by some unusual stress in
breaking down or weekend part leading to end of
transformer.
• The two factors which normally contribute to the
eventual failure are deterioration of insulation over
as period of time with temperature moisture and
oxygen.
• Operating Stresses : -
• Mechanical, Electro Magnetic, Thermal beyond the
strength of those parts which are weekend over a
period of time.
• Moisture : Due to higher affinity of water T/F oil
and insulation paper absorbs moisture which results
in decrease of dielectric strength
• Oxygen : Oxygen may be present inside the T/f oil
due to air pocket in winding etc. The oxygen reacts
with cellulose of insulation and decompose it
resulting in sludge formation blocking the free
circulation of oil .
• Ageing of Insulation : Insulation of T/F tends to
age and deteriorate when heated. Higher the
temperature faster is the deterioration , when the
operating temperatures are greater than the normal,
loss of life will be higher than the normal.
 TESTING
Tests Information Provided
Insulation Resistance Indicate the Dryness and Cleanliness
of Winding
Polarisation Index Direct Measure of Dryness of Winding

Capacitance and Tan Delta Indicate Dielectric Loss in Insulation

Furan Analysis Test Indicate Deterioration of Paper

Insulation
DC Resistance Test Loose Connection in the Winding or
OLTC
Ratio Test and Phase Angle Indicate Connection of Tapping Leads,
Error Test Turn Short within the Winding

Floating Neutral Point Indicate Connection of Common Point

Measurement
Magnetic Balance Test
Frequency Response FRA is used to detect condition of
Analyzer (FRA)
Dielectric Strength
Interfacial Tension
To check the imbalance in Magnetic
Circuit.
Core and Winding based on previous
references, which is created as a Data
Base.
Indicate the suitability of oil to
withstand electric stress
Indicates presence of sludge and
pollar contaminants from cellulose
material
Neutralization number Indicate Acidic Contents in the Oil

Moisture Content Indicate total dissolved water in the oil

Flash Point Indicate presence of some of lower
Hydro Carbons
Sludge Indicate presence of Fibrous particles,
dust, contaminants etc.
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Indicate contents of contaminants like
Varnish, Raisins etc.
Dissolved Gas Analysis
Methane
Ethane It is Powerful Diagnostic Preventive
Ethylene Maintenance Technique for monitoring
Acetylene internal condition of Transformer
CO2
CO
Hydrozen
Capacitance and Tan Delta Indicate healthiness of Bushing
of Bushing

PROTECTION SYSTEM:-
 Buchholzs’ Relay
 OLTC Buchholzs’ Relay or Surge Relay
 PRV
 Oil Temperature Relay
 Winding Temperature Relay
 O/C, E/F, Protection
 Differential Relay
 REF