15-1

Chapter 15

Analysis of Doubly-fed Generators

(DFIG) in Steady-state and their Vector
Control

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-2
Wind-turbines with a complete power-
electronics interface
Power Electronics Interface

Gen Conv1 Conv2

Utility

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-3
Wind-turbines with a complete power-
electronics interface
Wound rotor
Induction Generator

AC DC
Wind
Turbine DC
D AC
Generator side Grid side
Converter Converter

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-4
DFIG Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
 The speed can be control over a sufficiently wide range to make the turbine
operate at its optimum coefficient of performance Cp .
 The stator is directly connected to the grid. Only the rotor is supplied
through power electronics that is approximately rated at 30% of the rated
power of the wind turbine.
 The reactive power supplied to the rotor is controllable and it is amplified
on the stator-side

Disadvantages:
 Requires periodic maintenance of slip-rings and brushes.

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-5
DFIG Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:
 The speed can be control over a sufficiently wide range to make the turbine
operate at its optimum coefficient of performance Cp .
 The stator is directly connected to the grid. Only the rotor is supplied
through power electronics that is approximately rated at 30% of the rated
power of the wind turbine.
 The reactive power supplied to the rotor is controllable and it is amplified
on the stator-side

Disadvantages:
 Requires periodic maintenance of slip-rings and brushes.

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-6
DFIG Cross-section

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-7
DFIG space vectors at the time t = 0,
drawn with slip  

 2 1
ir'
at t  0
 syn
is  
er vs a  axis
 r
ims

3 4
ir

Bms

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-8
Rotor circuit one-line diagram at slip-
frequency


ir
PE
Rotor
  Converter
er Rr  jslip Lr vr

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-9
Steady-state Stator Equations

Stator Voltages:
vsd  d sq  0 (since, sq  0 )

vsq d sd

vsq d sd  2Vˆ  constant (since v  0 )

3 sd

where Vˆis the amplitude of the stator voltage space vector.

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-10
Steady-state Stator Equations
Flux Linkages and currents:
d-axis:

v
rd  sd  sq  constant
d

sd  rd  Lm (isd  ird )


isd  Lsd  i rd  i md  rd
m
i sd
where the magnetizing current i md  .
Lm
q-axis:
rq  sq  0
Since sq  rq  Lm (isq  irq )  0
isq  irq

is _ dq  i sd  ji sq (i md  ird )  j i rq


2020 by N. Mohan
 15-11
Steady-state Rotor Equations

Rotor Voltages:
vrd  dArq  0 (since, rq  0 )

vrq  dArd

vrq  sd rd

Where s is the slip.

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-12
Steady-state Rotor Equations

Stator and Rotor Power Inputs:

Stator:
 
Ps  jQs vsd  jvsq isd  jisq   vsq isq 
 (0)

jvsq isd

Ps  vsqisq  d sd isq

Qs  vsqisd  d sd isd

 
Rotor:
Pr  jQr vrd  jvrq ird  jirq   vrq irq 
 (0)

jvrq ird

Pr  vrqirq  sd rd irq Qr

 vrqird  sd rd ird

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-13
Steady-state Equations

Electro-Magnetic Torque:
p
Tem  2 rd irq rq

Relationships of Stator and Rotor Real and Reactive Powers:

Ps 1

Pr s
Q  Qr
Qs  ( d mL mdi2 )  r  mag
Q s s

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-14
Various Operating Modes of DFIG

 
slip , s er ir in Ps Pr Qr Qr'
(at t  0)
(Speed) Quadrant (mode)
1 + + 4 Ps   + + -
(sub-syn) (generating)
2 + + 1 Ps   + - +
(sub-syn) (generating)
3 + + 3 Ps   - + -
(sub-syn) (Motoring)
4 + + 2 Ps   - - +
(sub-syn) (motoring)
5 - - 4 Ps   - - -
(super-syn) (generating)
6 - - 1 Ps   - + +
(super-syn) (generating)
7 - - 3 Ps   + - -
(super-syn) (motoring)
8 - - 2 Ps   + + +
(super-syn) (motoring)

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-15
Flows of real and reactive power in a DFIG

Ps , Qs
Pem

Pr , Qr

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-16
Understanding DFIG Operation

at t
q - axis
wd
3
isq
Ns wd
2 d - axis
r 3
is Ns
3 2
Ns 3i i sd
irq 2 2 sd
r wm
ir
3i ird A - axis
2 sq qdA rotor
3i
2 rq 3i
qm 2 rd
a - axis
qda stator

d-axis aligned with the rotor flux; stator and rotor current
vectors are shown for definition purposes only

2020 by N. Mohan
 Stator Voltages: 15-17
vsd  d sq  0 (since, sq  0 ) (15-19)

vsq  d sd (15-20)

2ˆ
vsq  d sd  Vs  constant (since vsd  0 ) (15-21)
3

where Vˆs is the amplitude of the stator voltage space vector.

Flux Linkages and currents:

d-axis:
vsq
rd  sd   constant (15-22)
d

sd  rd  Lm (isd  ird ) (15-23)

sd
isd   ird  imd  ird (15-24)
Lm

sd
where the magnetizing current imd  .
Lm
q-axis:
rq  sq  0 (15-25)

Since sq  rq  Lm (isq  irq )  0 (15-26)

isq  irq (15-27)


2020 by N. Mohan is _ dq  isd  jisq  (imd  ird )  j irq (15-28)
 Rotor Voltages: 15-18

vrd  dA rq  0 (since, rq  0 ) (15-29)

vrq  dA rd (15-30)

vrq  sd vsq (15-31)

where s is the slip.

Stator and Rotor Power Inputs:

Stator:
 
Ps  jQs  Vs I s*   vsd  jvsq   isd  jisq   vsq isq  jvsq isd (15-32)
 ( 0) 
 

Ps  vsq isq  d sd isq (15-33)

Qs  vsq isd  d sd isd (15-34)

Rotor:
 
Pr  jQr  Vr I r*   vrd  jvrq  ird  jirq   vrqirq  jv rqird (15-35)
 ( 0) 
 

Pr  vrq irq  sd rd irq (15-36)

2020 by N. Mohan Qr  vrq ird  sd rd ird (15-37)

Electro-Magnetic Torque:
p
Tem  2 rd irq (using Eq. 3-46 and rq 0 )
Relationships of Stator and Rotor Real and Reactive Powers:
Ps 1

Pr s
Q  Qr
Qs  ( d mL mdi2 )  r  mag
Q s s
 Example 15-1 A DFIG is operating in the motoring mode at a sub-synchronous speed at15-20 a
lagging power factor (drawing Qs from the grid). Calculate the signs of various quantities in this
mode of operation.

Solution

slip  dA  
slip
s 
syn
Tem  
Ps  vsq isq  d sd isq  
 isq  
irq  
Qs  vsq isd  d sd isd  

given

 isd  
Pr  vrq irq  sd rd irq  
Qr  vrq ird  sd rd ird
irq   (since isq   )
ird   taken as positive but ird  imd
vrd  0
vrq  sd rd  
2020 by N. Mohan
 15-21

q-axis

vs _ dq  vsq 
is _ dq
isq


vr _ dq  vrq

ird imd
d-axis
isd

irq 
ir _ dq

Fig. 15-8 Space vector diagram for Example 15-1

2020 by N. Mohan
 Example 15-2 A DFIG is operating in the generator mode at a super-synchronous speed at a 15-22
leading power factor (supplying Qs to the grid). Calculate the signs of various quantities in this
mode of operation.

Solution
slip  dA  
slip
s 
syn
Tem  
Ps  
Ps  vsq isq  d sd isq
isq  
Qs  vsq isd  d sd isd  

given

isd  
Qr Q
Qs  Qmag     Qr   such that r  Qmag
s s
dA  syn  m  
irq   (since isq   )
Pr  vrq irq  dArd irq  
isd  imd  ird  
ird   such that ird  imd
Qr  vrq ird  dArd ird  
vrd  0
2020 by N. Mohan vrq  dA rd  
 15-23

q-axis

vs _ dq  vsq

irq ir _ dq

isd imd ird

d-axis


vr _ dq  vrq

 isq
is _ dq
Fig. 15-9 Space vector diagram for Example 15-2

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-24
Vector Control of DFIG

mech
vsa
Tem vsb
Estimator vsc
isa
Model
ird isb
 isc
*
ird  dA

 PI
*
* vra vra
vrd dq *
vrb vrb
to PPU
* vrc
* abc vrc
vrq
*
mech *
irq
 PI  PI
 
  mech  mech
d dt
mech irq

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-25
Rotor Current Controller

sq  0

dird Lm d sd
vrd  Rr ird   Lr  dA Lr irq 
dt Ls dt

dirq  L 
vrq  Rr irq   Lr  dA   Lr ird  m sd 
dt  Ls 

1 1
ird ( s )   (s)
vrd irq ( s )   ( s)
vrq
Rr  s Lr Rr  s Lr

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-26
Rotor Torque Controller

rd  Lmisd rq  Lmisq

ird  irq 
Lr Lr

P
Tem  sd isq
2

L
irq   m isq
Ls

P Lm
Tem   sd irq  kt irq
2 Ls

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-27
Stator Reactive Power Controller

 
Qs  Im Vs I s*  vsq isd  vsd isq

 sd  Lmird  Lm sd

 vsq    vsd isq   vsq ird  vsq  vsd isq
 Ls  Ls Ls

L
Qs ( s )   m vsq ird ( s )  kq ird ( s )
Ls

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-28
Rotor Position Estimator

sd    vsd  Rs isd   dt

vsq  Rs isq
da 
sd

 dA   da  mech   dt

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-29
Simulink Model of DFIG Vector Control

2020 by N. Mohan
 15-30
Simulink Model of DFIG Vector Control
Simulation Results

2020 by N. Mohan