CLASS IX

CHAPTER
1
RATIONAL
AND
IRRATION
AL
NUMBERS
 WHAT ARE NATURAL NUMBERS?

They are positive numbers.

They are also called Cardinal numbers(used for counting).
WHAT ARE WHOLE NUMBERS?

They are positive numbers along with Zero.

 WHAT ARE INTEGERS?

They are positive and negative numbers along with zero.

 WHAT ARE RATIONAL NUMBERS?

Rational comes from the word ‘ Ratio’.

Any number that can be represented

in the form p/q ,
where p and q are both integers and q
≠ 0.
EVERY INTEGER IS A RATIONAL
NUMBER.
CONSIDER THE EQUIVALENT
FRACTIONS,

= = = = Etc.

Since all these numbers can be

represented as , we choose
to represent all.
POINTS TO
REMEMBER
REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL
NUMBERS ON A NUMBER LINE

l
-2 -1 0 1 2
 PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL
NUMBER :
• If a,b are any two rational numbers, then a+b is also a
rational number.

Example + =
:

• If a,b are any two rational numbers, then a-b is also a

rational number.

Example
:
- =
 Properties of Rational Number :
• The collection of rational numbers are ordered.

• If a,b are any two rational numbers, then (a+b)/2 is

also a rational number.
Irrational
Numbers
Part -
2
NUMBER
SYSTEM
 WHO FIGURED OUT IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS?
• The Greek mathematician Hippasus of Metapontum is credited
with discovering irrational numbers in the 5th century B.C.,
according to an article from the University of Cambridge.

• While working on a separate problem, Hippasus is said to have

stumbled on the fact that an isosceles right triangle whose two
base sides are 1 unit in length will have a hypotenuse that is √2,
which is an irrational number. (This can be shown using the
famous Pythagorean theorem of a2 + b2 = c2.)
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
RATIONAL VS IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS ON THE
NUMBERLINE

https://www.aplustopper.com/representing-irrational-numbers-on-number-line
/
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

https://www.geogebra.org/m/HxEsR4NU
 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

ttps://www.geogebra.org/m/fuxcsace
h

https://www.geogebra.org/m/x5ufdujp
TERMINATING
DECIMAL
NON-
TERMINATI
NG
DECIMAL
Non-
terminating
Decimal

Repeatin
g
Non-terminating
Decimal Non-
repeating
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers
 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

R
Rationalising surds is where we convert the
denominator of a fraction from an irrational
number to a rational number.
 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

Each surd is a rationalizing factor to other.

Like if √2 is multiplied with

√2 , the product is 2,
which is rational number,
so √2 is rationalizing factor of √2.
RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

To rationalise the
denominator multiply
the numerator and the
denominator by the
surd in the
denominator.
RATIONALISATION OF SURDS
 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

Identify a rationalising factor for each one of the

following surds

(i) √18 (ii) 5√12

(iii) 3√49 (iv) 1/√8

 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

This surd has

one rational
part and one
radical part.

Can you guess a rationalising

factor for 3 + √2 ?
 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

Can you guess a rationalising factor for 3 + √2 ?

A rationalising factor for 3 + √2 is 3 − √2 .

(3+ √2)(3− √2) = 32− (√2)²

= 9 −2

= 7, a rational.
 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

Surds like a + √b and a − √b are called conjugate surds.

A conjugate or complementary expression contains the

same numbers, but with the opposite sign in the middle.
 RATIONALISATION OF SURDS

Conjugate surds: