Professional Documents
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Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health
NATIONAL HEALTH
PROGRAMMES IN
MCH
INTRODUCTION
India was the first country in the world to launch a
National Family Planning Programme in 1952 with
sole objective of reducing the birth rate to stabilize
the population. Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(MTP) act was passed in 1972. In 1977 the
programme was also renamed as Family Welfare
instead of Family Planning.
MATERNAL HEALTH AND CHILD HEALTH
PROBLEMS
• a) Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) :Young
girls are more vulnerable to RTIs specially STD, as
compared to older women, women infected with
HIV transmit it to their foetus
• b) Infections: Many women get infected with
herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, protozoon
which causes toxoplasmosis, E Coil causing
nephritis or cystitis. Infection during pregnancy
can cause various harmful effects on fetus
• c) Malnutrition: Malnutrition is a very common problem
among women. Pregnant and nursing mothers are especially
prone to the effects of malnutrition
• d) Anaemia: Anaemia is very common among women in India
due to various reasons which include malnutrition, infection
especially hookworm infestation, repeated pregnancies,
abortions, antepartum and post partum haemorrhages,
• e) Unregulated Fertility: Unregulated fertility has been
recognized to cause many maternal health hazards. These
include abortions, premature deliveries, low birth weight
babies, antepartum hemorrhages
• f) Complications of Deliveries: In India most of the deliveries
take place at home under unhygienic environment and mostly
by untrained dais .
• g) Abortions: Abortions is increasing because of unwanted
pregnancies.
VARIOUS HEALTH PROGRAMMES
• 1) Programmes for Communicable Diseases
• National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme
(NVBDCP)
• Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme •
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
• National AIDS Control Programme
• Universal Immunization Programme
• National Guinea worm Eradication Programme
• Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme
• 2) Programmes for Non Communicable Diseases
• National Cancer Control Programmes
• National Mental Health Programmes
• National Diabetes Control Programmes
• National Programmes for Control and treatment of
Occupational Diseases
• National Programmes for Control of Blindness
•3) National Nutritional Programmes
• Integrated Child Development Services Scheme
• Midday Meal Programme
• Special Nutrition Programme (SNP)
• National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis
Programme
• National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control
Programme
•4) Programs Related to System Strengthening Welfare
• National Rural Health Mission
• Reproductive and Child Health Programme
• National Water Supply & Sanitation Programme
5) National Health Policies
• National Health Policy 2002 and National Population
Policy 2000
• • National Health Policy 2012 (Draft was put on website
for further suggestions and is under process)
• • National AIDS control and Prevention Policy and
National Blood Policy
PROGRAMMES RELATED TO MATERNAL AND
CHILD HEALTH
• Child Survival and Safe Motherhood
Programme (CSSM): CSSM was launched in 1992
and developed with the assistance of UNICEF
and World Bank. The programme was for five
years and for covering the entire country.
CSSM Programme intervention
Child Survival
• Essential newborn care
• Immunization
• Management of diarrhoea
• Management of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs)
• Vitamin A Prophylaxis
• Safe motherhood
• Immunization of Pregnant women.
• Prevention and treatment of anemia.
• Antenatal care and early identifications of maternal
complications
• Delivery by trained personal.
• Promotion of Institutional delivery.
• Management of obstetric emergencies.
• Birth spacing
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
• UIP, was launched in 1985 in a phase manner.
Immunization is one of the most cost effective
interventions for disease prevention. The aim
is to achieve 100% full immunization status by
2009 to 2010 and to maintain it for long.
Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
INTRODUCTION TO
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD
HEALTH
INTRODUCTION
Reproductive and Child Health Programme was
launched in October 1997. The main aim of the
programme is to reduce infant, child and
maternal mortality rates.
Definition of RCH
• People have the ability to reproduce and regulate their
fertility, women are able to go through pregnancy and
child birth safely, the outcome of pregnancies is
successful in terms of maternal and infant survival and
wellbeing and couples are able to have sexual relations
free of fear of pregnancies and of contracting diseases.
Major Interventions under RCH-I
• Prevention and Management of unwanted
pregnancies
• Maternal Care
• Child Survival
• Prevention and Management of RTIs / STIs
Package of Health Services under RCH-I Services
for mothers
• Tetanus toxoid immunization
• Prevention and treatment of anemia
• Antenatal care and early identification of maternal
complications
• Deliveries by trained personnel and promotion of
institutional deliveries
• Management of obstetric emergencies and birth spacing
• Safe abortion and treatment of RTI and STDs
Services for the children
• Essential newborn care with resuscitation of
newborn with asphyxia, prevention of hypothermia,
• Prevention of infection.
• Exclusive breast feeding, weaning and immunization
• Appropriate management of diarrhea and ARI
• Vitamin A prophylaxis
• Prevention and control of anemia in children
• Hepatitis B vaccination
Women of reproductive age
• Must receive counseling on importance and care of
girl child
• Optimal timing & spacing of birth and Small family
norms.
• Use and choice of contraceptives
• Prevention of RTI / STI
• Information on Availability of MTP Services
• IUD & sterilization services
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH
PROGRAMME (RCH-II)
• RCH Programme-ll began from 1st April, 2005,
to reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR),
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), Total Fertility
Rate (TFR), to increase Couple Protection Rate
(CPR), and Immunization coverage, especially
in rural areas.
Components of RCH-II
• Population Stabilization
• Maternal Health
• Newborn Care and Child Health
• Adolescent Health
• Control of RTIs / STIs
• Urban and Tribal Health
• Monitoring arid Evaluation
Package of Services under RCH-II
For the mothers:
• Tetanus Toxoid Immunization and Prevention
and treatment of anaemia.
• Antenatal care and early identification of
maternal complications
• Deliveries by trained personnel and Promotion
of institutional deliveries and Management of
obstetric emergencies and Birth spacing
For the children:
• Essential newborn care and exclusive breast
feeding and weaning
• Immunization and Appropriate management
of diarrhoea and ARI and Vitamin A prophylaxis
and Treatment of Anaemia
For eligible couple:
• Prevention of pregnancy and Safe abortion
• Prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infection
(RTI) and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
• Women of reproductive age must receive: Counseling on
importance of care of girl child and small family norms
• Use and choice of contraceptives and Prevention of RTI / STI
• Information on Availability of MTP Services IUD &
sterilization services
• Family Planning Services and Condom distribution and Oral
contraceptives
ROLE OF NURSES UNDER RCH PROGRAMME
• participate in in-service training for up gradation of knowledge
and skills.
• should be a good motivators and counselor
• should motivate and counsel adolescents in the area about
reproductive health
• should motivate the community for delayed marriage explaining
that before a particular age the human body is not ready for the
stress of child bearing.
• should motivate recently married couples to use the temporary
methods of contraception.
• should motivate women of the community to avail facilities for
antenatal care during pregnancy.
• should encourage women to have institutional deliveries.
• must counsel all pregnant women to have two doses of Tetanus
Toxoid,, balanced diet and adequate rest.
UNIT- 4
SEXUALITY, FERTILITY
AND INFERTILITY
Human Sexuality
• human sexuality is how people experience and
express themselves as sexual beings.
• Human sexuality includes desires, feelings,
value and attitude
SEXUAL HEALTH
• Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and
social well-being in relation to sexuality.
FERTILITY
• Fertility means the actual bearing of children.
• The ability to produce children or power of
reproduction
Factors affecting Fertility
1) Age of marriage
2) Duration of married life
3) Spacing of children
4) Education about Contraception
5) Economic Status
6) Religion, culture and caste
7) Nutrition
8) Family Planning
Control of Fertility
• Contraceptive methods are preventive
methods to help women avoid unwanted
pregnancies.
They include:
• 1) Temporary methods
• 2) Permanent methods
• The contraceptive methods are broadly grouped as:
• 1) Barrier methods: Aimed to prevent live sperms meeting
ovum.
• a) Physical: Condoms, Female condoms.
• b) Chemical: foams, cream, suppositories
• c) Combined
• d) Intra-uterine devices- copper T
• e) Hormonal - oral pills, male pills, inject tablets
• f) Post Conceptual: menstrual regulations, menstrual induction
2) Terminal methods
a) Male sterilization .
b) Female sterilization
For woman:
• Ovulation testing
• Histosalphangiography
• Laparoscopy
• Hormone testing
• Ovarian reserve testing
• Genetic testing and pelvic ultrasound
Treatment of Infertility
• Injectable fertility drugs increase the chance of
multiple births
• Careful monitoring: blood tests, hormone tests,
ultrasound measurement of ovarian follicle size
• Surgery
• Artificial Insemination of Husband: The semen of the
husband obtained by masturbating is instilled at
external orifice of wife
• In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: This is
now widely used to treat infertile couple with
irrepairable tubal damage, severe endometriosis
• Adoption
UNIT 5