Course Title: Principles of Electrical Engineering

Topic for the class: Charge and Current

Unit I : Introduction

B. Durga Prasad
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: dbandaru@gitam.edu
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 1
 Unit-I Contents GITA
• Introduction: Concept of Potential difference,
Deemed to be University
M
voltage, current,
Fundamental linear passive and active elements to their functional
current-voltage relation, voltage source and current sources, ideal and
practical sources, concept of dependent and independent sources,
Kirchhoff-s laws and applications to network solutions using mesh and
nodal analysis, Concept of work, power and energy.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 2
 Electric Charge GITAMDeemed to be University

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 3
 Electric Charge GITAMDeemed to be University

• The most basic quantity of electric circuit is electric charge. Charge is the
electrical property of atomic particles of which matter consists measured
in Coulombs.
• Some important characteristics of electric charge:
• Charge is bipolar and is described in either positive or negative charges.
• The charge that occur in nature are integral multiples of electric charge
coulombs.
• Law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created
nor destroyed, only transferred.
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 4
 Electric Charge GITAMDeemed to be University

• How much charge is represented by 10524 electrons?

Answer:
Each electron has
Hence 10524 electrons will have

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 5
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University
• The unique property of electric charge is that it can be transferred from one place to
another, that means it is mobile in nature.
• Charge in motion represents current.
• The convention is to take the current flow as the movement of positive charges. That
is, opposite to the flow of negative charges.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 6
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

• The electrical effects caused by charge in motion depends on the rate

of charge flow.
• The rate of charge flow is known as ‘electric current’.
• The mathematical relation between current, charge and time is
where i is current in Amps
q is charge in Coulombs
t is time in seconds
1 Amp = 1 coulomb/Second

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 7
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University
• Charge transferred between time to and t is

• Current ‘i’ need not be a constant value function.

• When a current is constant with time, that is direct current (dc). Thus, a direct
current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.
• A current that varies with time, reversing direction periodically, is called
alternating current (ac).
• Thus, an alternating current (ac) is current that varies with time periodically. ac
is used in our household to run Fans, bulbs, refrigerators, TV’s, air
conditioners, water heaters and other electrical appliances.
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 8
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

• Figure shows a dc current and a sinusoidal ac current versus time.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 9
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• Figure shows other types of time varying currents such as the triangular
and square waveforms.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 10
 Current GITAM
Deemed to be University

• Graphical representation of current:

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE231- Electric circuit analysis 11
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

• Graphical representation of current:

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 12
 GITAMDeemed to be University

It’s Time for FLASH QUIZ ( Five simple questions)

not more than 5 minutes

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 13
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

Q: The total charge entering a terminal is given by

Determine the current at

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 14
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

Answer:
determine the current at

at

i = 1.1057 mA.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 15
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

Q: Determine total charge entering a terminal between t = 2 sec and t = 4

sec. Current passing through the terminal is

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 16
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

Answer:
Current passing through the terminal is
We know

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 17
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

Q: The current flowing through an element is

Determine the charge entering the element from t = 0 sec to t = 2 sec.

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 18
 Current GITAMDeemed to be University

Answer: The current flowing through an element is

Determine the charge entering the element from t = 0 sec to t = 2 sec.

We know

= 1+ (8-1) = 8 C

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 19
 Recap – Summary – What you have learnt GITAMDeemed to be University

In today session we have studied about:

• Characteristics of Charge
• Characteristics of current
• Relation between charge and current

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 20
 References GITAMDeemed to be University

• William H. Hayt Jr., Jack E. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis,

8/e, McGraw Hill,2013
• Van Valkenburg M.E, Network Analysis, 3/e, Prentice Hall India,
2014
• Sudhakar and Shyam Mohan ,Network Theory, 2/e, TMH, 2012.
• Schaum's outline series, Basic circuit analysis, McGraw-Hill
Professional, 2012
• A.Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory Analysis & Synthesis, 6/e, Dhanpat Rai
and Company, 2014.
December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 21
 GITAMDeemed to be University

THANK YOU

December 18, 2023 Department of EECE, GIT Course Code and Course Title:19EEE133- Principles of Electrical Engineering 22