Digital Systems

Introduction Binary Quantities and Variables Logic Gates Boolean Algebra Combinational Logic Number Systems and Binary Arithmetic Numeric and Alphabetic Codes

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OHT 9.#

Introduction
Digital systems are concerned with digital signals Digital signals can take many forms Here we will concentrate on binary signals since these are the most common form of digital signals
can be used individually
perhaps to represent a single binary quantity or the state of a single switch

can be used in combination

to represent more complex quantities
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Binary Quantities and Variables

9.2

A binary quantity is one that can take only 2 states

S OPEN CLOSED L OFF ON

0
A simple binary arrangement 1

0
1

A truth table
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 A binary arrangement with two switches in series

L = S1 AND S2
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 A binary arrangement with two switches in parallel

L = S1 OR S2
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 Three switches in series

L = S1 AND S2 AND S3
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 Three switches in parallel

L = S1 OR S2 OR S3
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 A series/parallel arrangement

L = S1 AND (S2 OR S3)

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 Representing an unknown network

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Logic Gates
A logic gate is an electronic circuit/device which makes the logical decisions. The building blocks used to create digital circuits are logic gates There are three elementary logic gates and a range of other simple gates Each gate has its own logic symbol which allows complex functions to be represented by a logic diagram

The function of each gate can be represented by a truth table or using Boolean notation
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 The AND gate

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 The OR gate

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 The NOT gate (or inverter)

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 A logic buffer gate

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 The NAND gate

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 The NOR gate

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 The Exclusive OR gate

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 The Exclusive NOR gate

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Realization of other gates from NAND and NOR

The universality of the NAND gate means that it can be used : as an inverter and that combinations of NAND gates can be used to implement the AND, OR, and NOR operations. Similarly, the NOR gate can be used to implement the inverter (NOT), AND, OR, and NAND operations.

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NAND Gate as a Universal Gate Element

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NOR Gate as a Universal Gate Element

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Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004

OHT 9.#