HUMAN

HEART
NAME – KUSHALA SAISRI
CLASS – XI
SECTION – A
 INDEX
TOPIC Page no.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

OBJECTIVE 2

WHAT IS HEART ? 3

STRUCTURE OF HEART 4

EXTERNAL STRCTURE OF HEART 5

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART 6-8

CIRCULATION 9-10

FUNCTIONS OF HEART 11

HEART DISORDERS 12-13

A HEALTHY HEART 14

FACTS ABOUT HEART 15

BIBILOGRAPHY 16
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my biology teacher, Mrs. Jyothi
for her vital support, courage and encouragement without which the project
has not come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to the principal of
my institution, Mrs. Mary Shanti Priya. I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks
to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project work successfully &
for their valuable advice & support, which I received from them time to time.

- Kushala Saisri
Class XI A (Bi.P.C)
 OBJECTIVE
Human heart is a complex organ both fragile and sturdy at once.
Time is life itself and life resides in the human heart. Therefore
it is very essential to know about the human heart, its structure,
disorders, and its health. To maintain a healthy and fit body a
healthy heart is a must. We must hence know about it and take
proper care of it. I Hope that my project accomplishes that job
by raising awareness.
WHAT IS HEART
The heart is a muscular organ. This organ
pumps blood throughout our body . In humans, the heart is
approximately the size of a closed fist and is located
between the lungs chest. The human heart functions
throughout a person’s lifespan and is one of the most robust
and hardest working muscles in the human body.
 STRUCTURE OF HEART
In humans, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper
left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles. Commonly the right
atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left
counterparts as the left heart. The right and the left region of the heart
are separated by a wall of muscle called the septum. The right ventricle
pumps the blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation through the pulmonary
arteries. The right semilunar valves close and prevent the blood from
flowing back into the heart. Then, the oxygenated blood is received by the
left atrium from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. In a healthy heart
blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves,
which prevents backflow. The heart is enclosed in a protective
sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The
structure of the heart also houses the biggest artery in the body
– the aorta.
 EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART
One of the very first structures which can be observed when the external structure of the heart is viewed is the
pericardium.

PERICARDIUM – The heart is enclosed in a protective layer called pericardium . It protects the heart by producing a
serous fluid, which serves to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the surrounding organs. The
pericardium has two exclusive layers :-

▪ Visceral Layer: It directly covers the outside of the heart.

▪ Parietal Layer: It forms a sac around the outer region of the heart that contains the fluid in the pericardial cavity.

HEART WALL - The heart wall is made up of 3 layers, namely:

▪ Epicardium : Epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. It is composed of a thin-layered membrane that
serves to lubricate and protect the outer section.

▪ Myocardium : It constitutes the middle layer wall of the heart. It contributes to the thickness and is responsible
for the pumping action.

▪ Endocardium : It is the innermost layer that lines the inner heart chambers. It prevents the blood from sticking to
the inner walls, thereby preventing fatal blood clots.
 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART
CHAMBERS - Heart is divided into four chambers:
upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles.

▪ Atria : are thin and have less muscular walls and are smaller than
ventricles. These are the blood-receiving chambers that are fed
by the large veins.

▪ Ventricles : are larger and more muscular chambers responsible

for pumping and pushing blood out into circulation.

VALVES – They are flaps of fibrous tissues located in the cardiac

chambers between the veins. They ensure that the blood flows in a
single direction and prevent backward flow. Valves are of 2
types :-

▪ Atrioventricular valves – They are between ventricles and atria.

The valve between the right ventricle and right atrium is the
tricuspid valve, and the one which is found between the left
ventricle and left atrium is known as the mitral valve.

▪ Semilunar valves – They are located between the left ventricle

and the aorta. It is also found between the pulmonary artery and
the right ventricle.
BLOOD VESSELS - The blood vessels typically comprise the following:​

•Veins - supply deoxygenated blood to the heart via inferior and superior
vena cava, and it eventually drains into the right atrium.​

•Capillaries - tiny, tube-like vessels which form a network between the

arteries to veins.​

•Arteries - muscular-walled tubes mainly involved in supplying oxygenated

blood away from the heart to all other parts of the body. Aorta is
the largest of the arteries.​
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE INTERNAL STRUCTURE
 CIRCULATION
The CIRCULATORY SYSTEM plays a vital role in supplying oxygen, and nutrients and
removing carbon dioxide and other wastes from the body. There are 3 types of circulations :-

 Pulmonary circulation : It is a portion of circulation responsible for carrying deoxygenated

blood away from the heart, to the lungs and then bringing oxygenated blood back to the
heart.
Systemic circulation : It is another portion of circulation where the oxygenated blood is
pumped from the heart to every organ and tissue in the body, and deoxygenated blood
comes back again to the heart.
Now, the heart itself is a muscle and therefore, it needs a constant supply of oxygenated
blood. This is where another type of circulation comes into play, the coronary circulation.
Coronary circulation : It is an essential portion of the circulation, where oxygenated blood
is supplied to the heart. This is important as the heart is responsible for supplying blood
throughout the body and ensure functionality.
 FUNCTIONS OF HEART
The function of the heart in any organism is to maintain a constant flow of
blood throughout the body. This replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients
among the cells and tissues.
Following are the main functions of the heart:
 One of the primary functions of the human heart is to pump blood
throughout the body.
 Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose and other components to various
parts of the body, including the human heart.
 The heart also ensures that adequate blood pressure is maintained in the
body
 HEART DISORDERS
Heart failure : If the heart’s pumping action can’t
work effectively, your heart muscle can’t meet your
body’s demand for blood and oxygen, and your body
develops various different symptoms, like fatigue
and shortness of breath. This is called heart failure.

Heart attack : A heart attack happens when the

blood supply to a part of your heart muscle
becomes completely blocked. This is most commonly
caused by a piece of fatty material and a blood clot
forms within a coronary artery. This can cause
damage to the part of your heart muscle.
Arrhythmia : The heart muscle has its own electrical system which helps to
stimulate the heartbeat. If the electrical signals within your heart are
interrupted or disturbed, your heart can beat too quickly (tachycardia), too
slowly (bradycardia) and/or in an irregular way. This is called an arrhythmia.

Coronary heart disease : The most common heart condition is coronary

heart disease. This is caused when the heart’s blood vessels - the coronary
arteries - become narrowed or blocked and can’t supply enough blood to the
heart. It can lead to angina and/or a heart attack.

Angina: It is also called ‘angina pectoris’. It happens when the blood supply
to your heart becomes restricted because of your arteries becoming
narrowed. A symptom of acute chest pain appears when no enough oxygen is
reaching the heart muscle. It is more common among the middle-aged and
elderly. Angina starts with chest pain and it spreads to the left arm,
shoulder and jaw.
 A HEALTHY HEART
Heart diseases are the leading cause of death for both men and women all around the
world .Take steps today to lower your risk of heart disease.
To help prevent heart disease, you can:
 Eat healthy
 Get active
 Stay at a healthy weight
 Quit smoking and stay away from secondhand smoke
 Control your cholesterol and blood pressure
 Drink alcohol only in moderation
 Manage stress
 FACTS ABOUT HEART
The heart pumps around 6,000-7,500 liters of blood in a day throughout the body.
The heart is situated at the center of the chest and points slightly towards the left.
On average, the heart beats about 100,000 times a day, i.e., around 3 billion beats in a lifetime.
The average male heart weighs around 280 to 340 grams (10 to 12 ounces). In females, it
weighs around 230 to 280 grams (8 to 10 ounces).
An adult’s heart beats about 60 to 100 times per minute.
 CONCLUSION
From this project, I have concluded everything about what a project originally
means and what is the purpose for doing a project .Besides that, after doing this
project, now I can tell about the important role heart plays in our day to day life. I
will be very much happy, if our teacher would assign us such project in future also. I
hope from this project we realize the seriousness to keep our heart healthy to avoid
any disorders.
"Time is life itself and Life resides in the human heart.
Do your part and care for your heart.
"Live healthy and stay young at heart ."
 BIBILOGRAPHY
• https://byjus.com/biology/human-heart/
• https://health.gov/myhealthfinder/health-conditions/heart-health/keep-your-heart-
healthy
• https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/heart-and-blood-vessels/con
ditions/common-heart-conditions
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
• https://www.google.com/
THANK YOU