Sexual Propagation

Techniques
What is the Propagation Techniques?

Sexual propagation involves the Floral parts of a

plants. Uses seeds to produce new plants or a
reduction of plants with the use of seed. And it
involves the union of the pollen (male) with the
egg (female) to produce a seed.
3.1 Lecture; Seed Germination: Factors and
Strategies
A. Introduction To Seed Germination
Seed Germination in plants is the process by
which a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow
into a seedling under the right growing
conditions.
1.Importance of Seed
Propagation
Seed propagation can lead to the
development of possibility
seedling with excellent
characteristic, which can be
extremely beneficial to the
garden.
2. Seed Structure and Anatomy
Seeds of different plants may vary in
many ways, but the basic anatomy
remains the same. A typical seed consists
of the following parts: The Cotyledon,
Testa, Epicotyl, Radicle and Micropyle.
B. Factors Affecting seed Germination
Environmental factors such as temperature,
light, PH, and soil moisture are known to affect
Seed Germination. Burial depth of seed also
affects seed Germination seedling emergence.
1. Dormancy and Breaking Seed Dormancy
Dormancy is a period in an organism’s life cycle when
growth, development, and physical activity are
temporarily stopped. Scarification, hot water, dry heat,
acid and other chemicals mulch, and light are the
methods used for breaking seed coat dormancy.
2. Temperature and Light Requirements
Seeds sown under high light intensity had a
lower germination percentage than seeds
subjects to low light intensity and darkness. A
seed may need light to germinate at a certain
temperature plays a significant role in
modifying seed responses to light.
3.Moisture and Water Uptake
The amount of water required by a seed for germination
itself is considered to be very small, but the rate of
uptake and the total amount taken up depend greatly on
the seed and soil properties with respect to water.
Moisture aids by providing hydration for protoplasm’s
critical activities, dissolved oxygen for the developing
embryo softening seed coating, and increasing seed
permeability.
4. Oxygen Availability
Seed need oxygen to metabolize those
nutrients, so that they can produce energy
for germination and growth. In other
words, without oxygen, seeds cannot eat
and therefore cannot germinate.
C. Strategies for Enhancing Seed Germination
How do you enhance seed germination? To enhance
seed germination store your seeds properly preferably in
a cool dark place and away from moisture to maintain
their viability.
1.Scarification (Mechanical ,Chemical, Thermal)
Scarification in botany involves weakening opening,
or otherwise altering the coat of a seed to encourage
germination. Scarification is often done
mechanically, thermally, and chemically.
Mechanical
The most common type of scarification is mechanical scarification.
In mechanical scarification, the test is physically opened to allow
moisture and air in. Seed coats may be filed with a metal file
rubbed with sandpaper, nicked with a knife, cracked gently
with a hammer, or weakened or opened in any other way.
Thermal
In some chaparral plant communities, some species
seeds require fire and/or smoke to achieve
germination. An exception to that phenomenon is
western poison oak, whose thick seed coating
provide a time delayed effect for germination, but do
not require fire scarification.
Chemical
Chemical scarification occurs commonly in nature in the
course of endozoochory when animals consume fruits and
seeds and their stomach acids soften and begin to break
down testae, rendering them more permeable to water.
Chemical scarification can also be achieved through the use
of nutrient salts such as potassium nitrate
2. Stratification and Cold Treatment
For cold, moist stratification, place the
plastic bags field with seeds in a refrigerator
where the temperature is always below 5
degrees Celsius (or 40 degrees Fahrenheit
4. Light and Dark Germination
Small seeds generally germinate better in light than
in darkness the presence of light tends to inhibit
their growth. The light decomposes carbonic acid
gas and expels oxygen which leads the seed to
harden. But most of the seeds germinate best in dark
environments.
5. Hormonal Treatments (Gibberellins, Abscisic
Acid)
In hormonal seed priming seeds are Pre Soaked
with an optimal concentration of Phytohormone
which enhance germination, seedling growth and
yield by increasing nutrient uptake through
enhance root production.
Gibberellins
The action mechanism is gibberellins induce the
production of hydrolyzing enzymes. When these
hydrolyzing enzymes in the endosperm are produced, the
stimulate the production of digestive enzymes like
proteases, amylase, and lipase which help to mobilize
stored nutrient, thus including the seed germination.
Abscisic Acid
Abscisic acid (ABA) reversibly arrest embryo
development at the brink of radicle growth initiation,
inhibiting the water uptake which accompanies embryo
growth, Seeds which have been kept dormant by ABA
for several days will, after removal of the hormone,
rapidly take up water and continue the germination
process.
D. Germination Monitoring and Seedling
Emergence
Seed germination is a complex physiological
process that begins with water uptake by the dry
seed and ends with the emergence of the radicle.
During water uptake by the seeds, the expansion of
embryonic cells leads to the emergence of the
embryo and marks the end of germination.
1. Germination Testing and Evaluation
A germination test determines the percentage of seeds that are
alive in any seed lot. The level of germination in association
with seed vigor provides a very good estimate of the potential
field performance. Seedlings are evaluated and classified as
normal, which are capable of developing into plants given
favorable conditions and abnormal, which are incapable of
further development, suffer deficiency, decay or weakness.
2. Environmental Control and Management
Timing of germination is controlled by two factors; seeds have
become non dormant and their germination requirement, e.g.
light/dark moisture, temperature and other environmental cues such
as ethylene, exudate from host roots or chemical from fire are
present in the habitat. Seedling and transplant production are an
essential part of vegetables and floriculture crop production. Quality
young plants are a high value product that can improve early
establishment of crops; increase finish crop quality, uniformity, and
yield; and decrease production time.
3. Recording and Data Analysis
3.2 Lecture: Seedling Production and
Care
Seedling productions refers to the
cultivation of plant seeds in a special
place known as a nursery.
A. Seedling Development and Growth
Stages
A Seedling is a young sporophyte
developing out of plant embryo from seed.
Seedling development start with
germination of the seed.
1. Cotyledon and true leaf stages
It is a first stage which cotyledons are part
of the seed and , on many plants, they
provide photosynthesis as the plant grows.
A bit later, a plant will form its first “true
leaves”
2. Hypocotyl and Epicotyl Development
Refers to the region of seedling stem
present between cotyledon and radicle.
Epicotyl refers to the region of seedling
stem present between cotyledon and
plumule.
3. Primary and Secondary Root
Growth
The increase in length of the shoot and
causes primary tissues like epidermis
hypodermis cortex, and endodermis to the
lost.
B. Seedling Transplanting Techniques
The act of moving seedlings or small plants from
their pots outside into garden soil.
1. Container Transplanting
Allows separately growth plants to be transplanted
with the roots and soil intact.
2. Direct Sowing and Broadcast Seedling
Direct sowing is planting your seeds straight
into your garden soil instead of starting them
indoor in a cup and moving them outdoors once
the seedlings are a few inches tall.
Broadcast Seedling
Is a method of seedling that inches scattering seed,
by hand or mechanically, over a relatively large
area.
3. Transplant Shock
In a cup and moving them outdoors once the
seedlings are a few inches tall.
Minimization Strategies
Refers to a number of stresses occurring in recently
transplanted tress and shrubs. An organization
implementing data minimization, principles must ensure
that the data called, processed, or retained does not
exceed business needs and is justified by the reasonable
a proportional purposes for which it processed consumer
data.
C. Seedling Care and Management
The process of transplanting seedlings from one
seedbed to another seedbed.
1. Nutrient Requirements and Fertilization
Every crops grows using three main nutrients there are
nitrogen, phosphorus , and potassium and the fertilizer
required depends foremost on the total quantity of
nutrients removed by crop from the soil or substrate.
2. Watering and Irrigation practices
It involves the monitoring of water application for crops or yard. It usually
will be used for more extensive properties that need a system to help
manage the volume, rate, and timing of water application in order to match
with water holding capacities and soil intake.
3. Pest and Disease Management
Is a system of integrated preventive and corrective measures to reduce or
prevent pest from causing significant harm to humans or the environment .
4.Thining and Punning for healthy Growth
Thinning is a term used in agriculture sciences to mean the
removal of some plants, or parts of to make room for the
growth of others, thinning is a dedicated process that removes
small diameter (Usually 1-3 inch) branches.
D. Hardening Off and Acclimatization
It is a young plant seedlings that were grown either indoors or
in greenhouse will need an adjustment period to acclimate to
outdoor conditions before being planted in the garden.
ACCLIMATIZATION - is a process where an organism adjust its behavior or
physiology in response to changes in its environment.
1.Transitioning Seedling to Outdoor Conditions
It is a way on how to transition our seedlings, one to 2 weeks before you wanted to
plant them in their permanent homes, start bringing them to outdoors acclimate.
2. Gradual Exposure to Sunlight and wind
Graduated exposure is the process of exposing the patient slowly and methodically to
more and more raw aspects of those experience.
3. Prevention of Stress and Sunburn
During prolonged periods of hot weather temporary shading can reduce temperatures
and prevent sunburn on your plants.
E. Monitoring Seedling Growth and Quality
Monitoring stages of plant growth can also alert famers to potential
problems with the surrounding environment, which can help them make
more informed decision about how to manage their seedlings.
1.Health, Girth and Vigor Measurements
Measure the pant weight in centimeter (cm) from the base of the stem (at
the soil surface) to the top of the canopy, or the highest part of the plant,
the girth of the plant is the thickness or width of the stem, the vigor
measurements indicated in many ways. It is commonly shown above
ground by the size of bunches or clumps and especially the number of
stems.
2.Disease Resistance and Uniformity
Disease resistance is defined here as the ability of the host to
reduce the growth of the pathogen and uniformity is the quality
or state of being uniform.
3. Timely Harvesting and Transplanting
Timely harvesting ensures good grain quality and high market
value and timely transplanting the perfect to transfer from one
place to another.
IV. Case Studies and Examples
A. Large – Scale Agricultural Seedling Production It is refers to the
process of growing a significant number of young plants, or seedlings, in a
controlled environment for the purpose of later transplanting them into
fields or gardens. This method ensures that a large quantity of consistent
and healthy seedling is available to famers and gardeners for efficient
planting and optimal crop growth.
B. Restoration Projects Using Native Seedlings
This involves the deliberate planting of indigenous plant species in areas
that have been degraded, damaged, or altered by human activities or
natural events. And biodiversity that existed before these disturbances.
V. Future Innovations in Seed Propagation
A. Seed Priming and Preconditioning
A. These are techniques used to improve seed germination and enhance
early seedling growth by manipulating the seed’s physiological state
before planting.
B. Use of Biostimulants for Seed Germination
The use of biostimulants for used germination involves in applying natural
or naturally- substances
For seeds to enhance their germination process, seedling vigor, and overall
plant growth.
VI. Conclusion
Here’s a brief recap of key concepts in seed germination and seedling care.
SEED GERMINATION
1. WATER: so seeds absorb water causing to swell and activate enzymes, for
growth.
2.TEMPERATURE: Of course, optimal temperature range varies by plant,
influencing germination speed
3.OXYGEN:It supports metabolic processes during germination .
SEEDLING CARE
1.LIGHT IR SUNLIGHT: the proper light exposure ensures
photo synthesis and prevents seedlings form becoming weak or
leggy.
2.WATERING: maintain consistent moisture, and avoid
overwatering or under watering because there’s a tendency
overwhelmed then the plants will die.
B. Importance of Seed Propagation in Ecosystem and Restoration
Agriculture
The seed propagation plays a crucial role in both ecosystems and various
agricultural practices. From ecosystem and restoration, the importance of
seed propagation includes in biodiversity, habitat restoration, erosion
control, and wildlife habitat. On the other hand, the importance of seed
germination on agriculture includes in crop production, genetic diversity,
sustainability, and crop improvement. In both cases, Seed Propagation
ensures the continuation of plant species, support ecosystem balance, and
contributes to food security and environmental resilience.
C. Emphasis on Precision and Attention to Detail in Seedling
Production
Precision and attention to detail are vital in seedling production due to
their direct impact on the success and health of young plants such as
uniform growth, avoiding diseases, nutrient balance, minimizing stress,
early intervention, transplant success and data – driven approach. In
essence, precision and attention to detail set the foundation for healthy
seedlings, which in turn contribute to successful plant growth, whether in
agriculture, landscaping or reforestation efforts.
 That’s All
Thank You!