PBI10102

ENGLISH FOR
COMMUNICATION I

READING:
3- REFERENCE WORDS
4- CONTEXTUAL CLUES
3.
REFERENCE
WORDS
2
WHAT ARE REFERENCE WORDS?
Reference words are words or phrases used to replace other words
or phrases to avoid repetition.
Look at the example below

College students nowadays are required to bring

their tablet or laptop to class.

The word ‘their’ in the above sentence replaces the phrase college
students, thus the word ‘their’ is a reference word.
3
TYPES OF REFERENCE WORDS?
ANAPHORIC CATAPHORIC
(BEFORE) (AFTER)
Where a
word/phrase refers Where a word/phrase
BACK to another refers FORWARD to
words/phrases used another
EARLIER in the words/phrases used
sentence LATER in the sentence

Example: Example:

When most people think of No matter whether it is large or

libraries, they think of small, traditional or modern, every
books. family has a sense of what a family is.
4
SOME OF REFERENCE WORDS

 This, That, These, Those, Here, There

1- SPECIFIC  Example:
WORDS
My hometown is in the east of Malaysia. That place is rainy
during monsoon season.

2- PRONOUNS  I, Me, Mine, You, Yours, He etc

 Example:
Ahmad stays with his mother. He always helps her with house
chores. 5
SOME OF REFERENCE WORDS

 Which, Who, Whose, Where, Why, What

3- RELATIVE
PRONUNS  Example:
Maria lost the watch which her fiancée bought for her.

4- REPEATED  Likewise, Latter, Former

ACTION  Example:
WORDS
Umar gave some of his pocket money to Red Cross, and you
should likewise. 6
SOME OF REFERENCE WORDS

 Some, few, etc

5- NOUN  Example:
OMISSIONS
Octopuses are easily tamed and can be trained. Some will even
pull your hand open to get at a tightly held.

7
4.
CONTEXTUAL
CLUES
8
WHAT ARE CONTEXTUAL CLUES?
Contextual clues are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or
passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or
unfamiliar words.

Learning the meaning of a word through its use in a sentence or

paragraph is the most practical way to build vocabulary, since a
dictionary is not always available when a reader encounters an
unknown word.

9
DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION CLUE
TYPES OF
The new term may be formally defined, or sufficient CONTEXT
explanation may be given within the sentence or in the UAL
following sentence. Clues to definition include “that is,”
commas, dashes, and parentheses.
CLUES?
Example:
His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, 1
was frightening to see.
“Skeleton-like appearance” is the definition of “emaciation.”

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm
 TYPES OF
EXAMPLE CLUES
CONTEXT
Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might
be found nearby that helps to explain its meaning. Words like
UAL
including, such as, and for example, point out example clues. CLUES?
Example:
Piscatorial creatures, such as flounder, salmon, and 2
trout, live in the coldest parts of the ocean.
“Piscatorial” obviously refers to fish.

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm
 TYPES OF
SYNONYM RESTATEMENT CLUE
CONTEXT
The reader may discover the meaning of an unknown word because
it repeats an idea expressed in familiar words nearby.
UAL
Example: CLUES?
Flooded with spotlights – the focus of all attention – the new
Miss America began her year-long reign. She was the 3
cynosure of all eyes for the rest of the evening.
“Cynosure” means “the focus of all attention.”

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm
 TYPES OF
CONTRAST / ANTONYM CLUE CONTEXT
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Words like
UAL
“although,” “however,” and “but” may signal contrast clues.
Example:
CLUES?
When the light brightens, the pupils of the eyes contract;
however, when it grows darker, they dilate. 4
“Dilate” means the opposite of “contract.”

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm
 TYPES OF
INFERENCE CLUE
Sufficient clues might be available for the careful reader to make an
CONTEXT
educated guess at the meaning. UAL
Example: CLUES?
She told her friend, “I’m through with blind dates forever.
What a dull evening! I was bored every minute. The
5
conversation was absolutely vapid.”

“Vapid” means “uninteresting.”

http://pioneer.netserv.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/skim.htm
THANK
YOU
ANY QUESTIONS?