This document discusses the structure of atoms and discovery of subatomic particles. It covers several key topics:
1) Early experiments like cathode ray experiments and Millikan's oil drop experiment led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are characterized by their atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons, and mass number, which takes into account neutrons. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number.
3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the small, dense nucleus of atoms and displaced Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom. However, it could not explain atomic stability.
This document discusses the structure of atoms and discovery of subatomic particles. It covers several key topics:
1) Early experiments like cathode ray experiments and Millikan's oil drop experiment led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are characterized by their atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons, and mass number, which takes into account neutrons. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number.
3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the small, dense nucleus of atoms and displaced Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom. However, it could not explain atomic stability.
This document discusses the structure of atoms and discovery of subatomic particles. It covers several key topics:
1) Early experiments like cathode ray experiments and Millikan's oil drop experiment led to the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons and protons.
2) Atoms are characterized by their atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons, and mass number, which takes into account neutrons. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number.
3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the small, dense nucleus of atoms and displaced Thomson's "plum pudding" model of the atom. However, it could not explain atomic stability.
DISCOVERY OF SUB – ATOMIC PARTICLES CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENTS AND ITS FINDINGS, CHARGE TO MASS RATIO OF ELECTRON- THOMSON’S EXPERIMENT, CHARGE ON THE ELECTRONS ON THE BASIS OF MILLIKAN’S OIL DROP METHOD, DISCOVERY OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
• INTRODUCTION - It is equal to the no. of protons present in the
nucleus of atoms. It is also equal to the no. of electrons in an atom. • ISOTOPES AND ISOBARS - The atoms with same atomic no. but different mass no. are known as isotopes, whereas the reverse is true for isobar. • RUTHERFORD’S MODEL AND ITS DRAWBACKS- • Scattering experiment done with gold leaf with thickness 100 nm • Bombarding with fast moving alpha – particles and discovery of nucleus o atom. • Drawbacks – could not explain the stabilioty of an atom . Wave nature of electron . Maxwell suggested that when electrically charged particle moves under acceleration, alternating electrical and magnetic fields are produced and transmitted. These fields are transmitted in the forms of waves called electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation. Wave nature of light • Light is the form of radiation known from • early days and speculation about its nature • dates back to remote ancient times. In earlier • days (Newton) light was supposed to be made • of particles (corpuscules). Particle nature of light (i) the nature of emission of radiation from hot bodies (black -body radiation) (ii) ejection of electrons from metal surface when radiation strikes it (photoelectric effect) (iii) variation of heat capacity of solids as a function of temperature (iv) line spectra of atoms with special reference to hydrogen. PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT
• In 1887, H. Hertz performed a very interesting
• experiment in which electrons (or electric • current) were ejected when certain metals (for • example potassium, rubidium, caesium etc.) • were exposed to a beam of light as shown in • The phenomenon is called Photo electric effect. DUAL BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHT LIGHT
• possesses both particle and wave-like
• properties, i.e., light has dual behaviour. • Depending on the experiment, we find that • light behaves either as a wave or as a stream • of particles. Whenever radiation interacts with • matter, it displays particle like properties in • contrast to the wavelike properties • (interference and diffraction), which it HYDROGEN SPECTRUM • The hydrogen spectrum consists of several series of lines named after their discoverers. Balmer showed in 1885 on the basis of experimental observations that if spectral lines are expressed in terms of wavenumber (n ). De Broglie equation • as the photon has momentum as well as • wavelength, electrons should also have • momentum as well as wavelength, de Broglie, • from this analogy, gave the following relation • between wavelength (l) and momentum (p) of • a material particle. HEIGENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
It states that it is impossible to
determine the exact position and momentum of electron simultaneously. QUANTUM NUMBERS • It determines the complete address (identity ) of an electron . • Principle Quantum Number , • Azimuthal Quantum Number, • Magnetic Quantum Number • Spin Quantum Number Shapes of Atomic Orbitals • ‘s’ orbital is spherical, • ‘p’ orbital is dumb-bell shaped, • ‘d’ orbital is double dumb-bell shaped, • ‘f’ orbital is highly complex. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle • No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers . • Only two electrons may exist in the same orbital and these electrons must have opposite spin. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity • Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell (p,d,f) does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each. • Half- filled or fully- filled orbitals are more stable than the incompletely filled orbitals. Reason for this is its symmetry and exchange energy . Aufbau Principle The lower the value of (n+l) for an orbital, the lower is its energy . If two orbitals have the same value of (n+l) , the orbital with lower value of n will have the lower energy and in the ground state of the Atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies : 1s, 2s, 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s,4d, --