MERCY COLLEGE OF NURSING, IKIRE

ILE/IWARA ROAD, IWO.

LECTURE NOTE ON:

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST COMMUNICABLE

DISEASES

PREPARED BY:

ADEBISI R.A
 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
• Immunization is a key component of primary
health care and an indisputable human right.
It’s also one of the best health investments
money can buy. Vaccines are also critical to
the prevention and control of infectious
disease outbreaks. They underpin global
health security and will be a vital tool in the
battle against antimicrobial resistance.
 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
• Immunization is a global health and
development success story, saving millions of
lives every year. Vaccines reduce risks of
getting a disease by working with individual
body’s natural defence to build protection.
When an individual is vaccinated, the immune
system responds.
 IMMUNIZATION AGAINST
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
• We now have vaccines to prevent more than
20 life-threatening diseases, helping people of
all ages live longer, healthier lives.
Immunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million
deaths every year from diseases like
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and
measles.
 IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION
• Immunity is the biological state of being able
to resist disease or a toxin: the primary
objective of vaccination is to induce an
immunological memory against specific
diseases, so that if exposure to a disease-
causing pathogen occurs, the immune
response will neutralize the infection or toxins
it releases before disease can occur.
 IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION
Naturally acquired immunity
• Naturally acquired immunity occurs either
actively by experiencing the infection or
passively through the transfer of maternal
antibodies from mother to fetus or infant
(transplacentally or in breastmilk).
 IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION
Artificially acquired immunity
• ‘Artificially’ acquired immunity occurs either
actively through vaccination or passively
through administration of immunoglobulin
(IG).
IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION..
DEFINITION OF IMMUNIZATION
• Immunization is a process through which the
person is given vaccines against the disease-
causing microorganisms in order to stimulate
the immune system to generate the needed
antibodies.
 BENEFITS OF IMMUNIZATION
• Prevents autoimmune disorders. Immunization
enhances the ability of the immunity in the body. It
is a self-mechanism. A stronger immunity relates to
good health.
• Children are immunized with the aim to protect
them against the common infections that might lead
to severe complications or deaths.
• Some of the infections may turn epidemic, affecting
the whole community. Immunized people pose low
to no risk of epidemic diseases.
 BENEFITS OF IMMUNIZATION..
• When applied to the society, immunization
helps reduce the funds paid on treatment.
• Adults can also receive immunizations against
some diseases, such as hepatitis (B), smallpox,
influenza, and others.
• Pregnant mothers are also immunized to
protect mother and their unborn child.
 BENEFITS OF IMMUNIZATION..
• Immunization is the only solution that
eradicated Polio in infants. Booster vaccines
and immunizations in the childhood secure
the health.
• Vaccination is safe and effective. All vaccines
undergo long and careful review by scientists,
doctors, and the federal government to make
sure they are safe.
 SIDE EFFECTS OF IMMUNIZATION
• Vaccines are developed in accordance with the
highest standards of safety
• Immunization has side effects like all medicines.
• The general side effect of vaccines includes;
• Headache
• High temperature
• Pain, swelling and redness at the injection site
• Pain in muscles and joints
• Skin rash.
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF IMMUNIZATION

• Severe allergic reaction due to a previous dose

of a vaccine.
• Severe allergic reaction to a vaccine
component, example; egg protein.
• Neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and
convulsions.
• Children with HIV should not be given
immunizations.
PRECAUTIONS OF IMMUNIZATION
Immunization can be delayed in the following
cases;
• High temperature
• Chronic diseases
• People undergoing chemotheraphy or
radiation therapy.
 ROUTES OF IMMUNIZATION
• ORAL ROUTE: it is administration of vaccines
through drops into the mouth. e.g polio
vaccine, Vit A and Rotavirus (Rotarix and
Rotateq).
• INTRANASAL ROUTE: it is administration of
vaccine through the nostrils. Live attenuated
Influenza vaccine (LAIV) is the only vaccine
administered through the intranasal route.
 ROUTES OF IMMUNIZATION..
• SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE: it is administration
of vaccine into the fatty tissue found below
the dermis and above muscle tissue.
• INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTE: it is administration
of vaccine into the muscle through the skin
and subcutaneous tissue.
• INTRADERMAL ROUTE: it is administration of
vaccine into the dermis, or the skin layer
underneath the epidermis(upper skin layer).
 ROUTES OF IMMUNIZATION..
• Each vaccine has a recommended
administration route and site. This information
is included in the manufacturer’s package
insert for each vaccine. Deviation from the
recommended route may reduce vaccine
efficacy or increase local adverse reactions.
• Health care personnel should always perform
hand hygiene before administering vaccines
by any route.
 ROUTES OF IMMUNIZATION..
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
regulations typically do not required gloves to be
worn when administering vaccines unless the
person administering the vaccine is likely to come
in contact with potentially infectious body fluids
or has open lesions on the hands.
• During pandemic, gloves should be worn when
administering intranasal or oral vaccines. If gloves
are worn, they should be changed, and hand
hygiene should be performed between patients.
 TYPES OF VACCINES
There are several types of vaccines, including:
• Inactivated vaccines.
• Live-attenuated vaccines.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines.
• Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and
conjugate vaccines.
• Toxoid vaccines.
• Viral vector vaccines.
IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE TABLE
• Draw up immunization schedule table as
recommended by W.H.O
 COLD –CHAIN SYSTEM
• The cold chain is a set of rules and procedures
that ensure the proper storage and
distribution of vaccines to health services from
the national to the local level.
• The cold chain is interconnected with
refrigeration equipment that allows vaccines
to be stored at recommended temperatures
to maintain their potency.
 COLD –CHAIN SYSTEM..
• To maintain an effective vaccination program,
vaccines must be stored properly from the
time they are manufactured until the time
they are administered.
• Excess heat or cold reduces their potency,
thereby increasing the risk that recipients will
not be protected against vaccine-preventable
diseases.
 COLD –CHAIN SYSTEM..
• The cold chain begins with the cold storage unit at
the vaccine manufacturing plant, extends through
the transfer of vaccine to the distributor and then
to the provider’s office, and ends with the
administration of the vaccine to the recipient.
• Proper storage temperatures must be maintained
at each link in the chain or the vaccine may be
damaged and become ineffective.
 COMPONENTS OF COLD-CHAIN
• The cold chain has three main components:
• Transport and storage equipment,
• Trained personnel, and
• Efficient management procedures.
• All the three elements must combine to
ensure safe vaccine transport and storage.
 COMPONENTS OF COLD-CHAIN..
• Maintenance of proper temperatures for
vaccines is imperative to ensure their
effectiveness.
• A vaccine coordinator is often the
occupational and environmental health nurse,
should be assigned to ensure proper cold
chain adherence during the transport,
shipping, and receipt of vaccines.
 COMPONENTS OF COLD-CHAIN..
• Manufacturers have determined that all vaccines
are sensitive biological substances that can lose
their potency when exposed to temperatures
outside the recommended storage range (WHO,
1998).
• A properly packed cooler that maintains the
vaccine temperature within the prescribed
acceptable range can reduce the effect of the
external temperature on the internal temperature
of the cooler.
 COMPONENTS OF COLD-CHAIN..
• The correct number and placement of ice packs
inside the cooler is important because too few ice
packs can fail to maintain the internal cooler
temperature and too many ice packs have the
potential to freeze the vaccine.
• Placement of ice packs is also critical to protect the
vaccine from freezing.
• A barrier such as bubble wrap, crumpled brown
wrap, or Styrofoam should be placed between the
vaccine and the cold packs.
 COMPONENTS OF COLD-CHAIN..
• A certified thermometer should be included in the
transport container for hourly monitoring of the
internal cooler temperature by vaccine transport
personnel.
• The thermometer should be placed next to the
vaccine, not adjacent to the cold pack.
• Contents should be layered bottom to top in the
following order: refrigerated cold packs, barrier
material, vaccine, thermometer, and another
barrier layer.
 COMPONENTS OF COLD-CHAIN..
• Vaccine should remain in its original packaging
and doses should not be prepared in advance.
• The vaccine name, number of vials, date, time,
and recorded temperatures should be
displayed legibly on the outside of the cooler.
THE END
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