TOPIC -DISTILLATION

TERM 2
WRICK MAJUMDAR
11 A
ROLL NUMBER-03
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
• I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my chemistry
teacher miss Neena marry for their able guidance and support in
completing my project
• I would also kike to express mt special gratitude to my principal
MS.Lola Shivshankar for all the facility and materials provided
Index
• Introduction of distillation
• Brief study of distillation
• Some types of distillation
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
Introduction
• Distillation refers to the selective boiling and subsequent
condensation of a component in a liquid mixture. It is a
separation technique that can be used to either increase the
concentration of a particular component in the mixture or to
obtain (almost) pure components from the mixture
• distillation, process involving the conversion of a liquid into
vapour that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form.
It is exemplified at its simplest when steam from a kettle
becomes deposited as drops of distilled water on a cold
surface.
• Distillation is used to separate liquids from nonvolatile solids, as
in the separation of alcoholic liquors from fermented materials,
or in the separation of two or more liquids having different
boiling points, as in the separation of gasoline, kerosene, and
lubricating oil from crude oil. Other industrial applications
include the processing of such chemical products as
formaldehyde and phenol and the desalination of seawater.
• This process is utilized in every corner of the world specially
highly populated countries like India
IMAGE
Brief study about Distillation process
• The process of distillation has been used by humans for years to create
alcoholic beverages. Distillation is the process of boiling a pair of
liquids with different boiling points and then condensing the vapors
above the boiling liquid in an attempt to separate them. One might
suspect that the mixed two liquids of different boiling points could be
separated simply by raising the temperature to the lower boiling point
of the two liquids. However, this is not the case. The two liquids
“boil” together at some temperature between their two boiling points
• Raoult’s law states that the vapor pressure of one liquid is equal to the
product of the vapor pressure of the pure liquid and the mole fraction
of that liquid in the liquid. The total vapor pressure is simply the sum
of the partial pressures of the two liquid components. Dalton’s law
states that the mole fraction of one liquid in the vapor is equal to the
partial pressure of the liquid divided by the total pressure. These laws
can help explain the process of fractional distillation
• When a mixture of ethanol and water is heated, it will boil at a
temperature between 78.3 C (the boiling point of pure ethanol) and
100 C (the boiling point of pure water). In fractional distillation, the
vapor will condense on a surface. The condensate will then evaporate
again and then condense on another surface. This process will
continue until the percentage of ethanol in the mixture continues to get
larger as the percentage of water decreases. The more “surfaces” that
the vapor settles on, the higher percentage of ethanol one will collect.
However, one will never collect pure ethanol. Ethanol and water form
an azeotrope at 78.15 C.
• An azeoptrope is a mixture of liquids of a certain definite composition
that distills at a constant temperature without change in composition.
The azeoptrope of ethanol and water will be 95% ethanol and 5%
water. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the processes of
distillation and fractional distillation to discover which procedure
enables a more pure sample of ethanol to be collected from an
ethanol/water mixture.
TYPES OF important DISTILLATION
• Simple distillation.
• Fractional distillation.
Simple Distillation
• A method of separating mixtures based on differences in
their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. The components
in a sample mixture are vaporised by the application of heat and
then immediately cooled by the action of cold water in a
condenser.
• Simple distillation is used to purify liquids that contain either
nonvolatile impurities, such as salts, or very small amounts
of higher- or lower-boiling liquids.
Image of simple distillation
Fractional Distillation
• Fractional distillation is a type of distillation which involves
the separation of miscible liquids. The process involves
repeated distillations and condensations and the mixture is
usually separated into component parts.
• separation of a liquid mixture
into fractions differing in boiling point (and hence chemical
composition) by means of distillation, typically using
a fractionating column
• The boiling points of each component in the mixture determine
the order of separation. Common uses of fractional distillation
include the production of distilled water, and gasoline from
crude oil.
Image of Fractional Distillation
CONCLUSION
• Distillation is a very effective method of separating the
constituent parts of a mixture. Inthe experiment cyclohexane
was distilled first because of its lower boiling point and
highconcentration in the solution given relative to the toluene.
• Distillation is the process of vaporizing and condensing a
liquid to purify or concentrate a substance or to separate a
volatile substance from less volatile substances. It is the
oldest method of water purification
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• WIKIPEDIA.COM
• BRAINLY.IN
• ICSE HELP
• TOPPER.COM