DIPLOMA IN NURSING NURSING SCIENCE VIII NS2354 Vectors

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this lesson , students will be able to: 1. Define the terms vector 2. State 3 methods for controlling the anopheles and aedes mosquitoes respectively 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe the biting preference and biting times of the anopheles and aedes mosquitoes List 5 negative impacts of cockroaches on healh Describe the 3 measures of controlling cockroaches State 2 negative impacts of fleas on health Describe 3 measures of controlling rats in homes / buildings.
SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 2

4/27/2012

INTRODUCTION
VECTOR - is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another
.

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

Why is Anopheles a Vector?

Anopheles is a vector for malaria because of the following factors

1. Suitability of the mosquitoes body for the development of the malaria parasite. 2. The lifespan of the mosquito - long enough for completion of parasite life

cycle

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

Cont
3. Biting behaviour and the choice of hosts - preference for human blood 4. Short life cycle - shorter, therefore more frequent 5. Breeding ground

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

Types of Anopheles Mosquitoes

Anopheles maculatus Anopheles campestris Anopheles letifer Anopheles sundaicus

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

Aedes Mosquito

There are 2 sub-genus, i.e. Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopictus Aedes Aegypti originates from Afrika and 75% - 80%

breeds inside the house

Aedes Albopictus 20% -25% breeds inside the house Breeds in densely populated areas which practices low health standards, especially in big towns
4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 7

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

Aedes Mosquito..contd
It breeds in clean clear water, even in very small
quantities. Active during the day and most active in the early morning and late evening (dusk) This mosquito lays its eggs in water and also on

damp surfaces
Eggs of the mosquito can survive 3-6 months in dry weather the egg shell is extremely hard
4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 8

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

CONTROLLING THE AEDES MOSQUITO..contd

Trays underneath flower pots must have their inside surface brushed & water changed weekly Implement an organized system of waste disposal, i.e. burying, burning or disposal by the local municipality council Carry out fogging to eradicate adult mosquitoes whenever a Dengue case is reported and when the Aedes index is high ( > 2.5 % )
4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 9

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

Anopheles Maculatus
Main vector in West Malaysia, found in newly opened hilly forests, following the cutting down of trees. Prefers to bite human beings outside rather than inside the house
Biting time from 9.00pm to midnight until just before dawn Breeds in streams, drains and clear springs. Generally in water that is constantly recycled 4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 and exposed to direct sunlight NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

10

10

Anopheles campestris
Mostly found in coastal plains and padi fields Prefers human blood to blood of animals Bites inside the house During the day, it rests inside the house i.e. on the walls, clothes,etc.

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

11

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

11

Anopheles sundaicus
Found along the coastline and surrounding areas

Prefers biting animals compared to humans

Likes to rest outside the house and only a small number may be found inside Breeding sites include ponds, drains and other areas with stagnant water

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

12

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

12

Methods of Controlling Anopheles Mosquito

1. DDT 1.25 5 5.0 5 spraying on house walls 2. Conducting studies on the breeding sites of mosquitoes and implementing control measures such as: a. spraying oil on the surface of water b. rearing gambusia fish

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

13

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

13

CONTROLLING THE AEDES MOSQUITO

Maintain basic hygiene around the house Destroying breeding sites eradication of the source Covering containers used to store water (urns and tanks) Add abate / salt in ant traps used for meat cabinets, etc.

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

14

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

14

COCKROACHES
Characteristics and Behaviour:
Comes out and is active during the night Lives in dark, damp and cramped places Eats anything that can be bitten especially foods containing starch and sugar. Continuously defecates and vomits

Produces secretions from the mouth / glands on the surface of the body
4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 15

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

15

THE IMPACT OF COCKROACHES ON HEALTH

1. As a mechanical vector for various diseases 2. Causes a variety of allergic reactions such as dermatitis and respiratory allergy. 3. Produces carcinogenic substances such as

xanthurenic acid dan kynurenic acid

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

16

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

16

IMPACT OF COCKROACHES..contd
4. Intermediate host for a number of helminth
species, eg. hymenolepis nana dan moniliformis 5. As a pest for clothes , food, furniture, decorations and leather goods 6. Dirties household things / appliances and emits a foul smell

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

17

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

17

Control Measures
1. Preventing cockroaches from entering the house Covering gaps around holes Using a proper drainage, sewage and water supply system

Check all things / packages before it is brought into the house

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

18

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

18

Cont
2.Discourage infestation by emphasizing hygiene Implement a proper waste disposal system Provide for suitable food storage

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

19

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

19

Cont
3. Chemical control
Residual spraying :0.5- 1.0% malathion into holes and gaps around holes Use of poison bait boric acid to kepone 0.125% Aerosol pyrethrins 0.6%
Diazinon 2% dust dan malathion 4-5 %

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

20

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

20

Cont
4. Cockroach traps that contain substances with sugar
and starch

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

21

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

21

Cont
Can survive hunger for quite a long time Lays eggs in hidden places, hair of hosts and crevices in buildings.

If the host dies, it quickly migrates and finds a new

host

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

22

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

22

Types of Fleas
Rat Flea ( Xenopsylla Cheopis ) Human Flea ( Pulex Irritans ) Dog Flea ( Ctenoceptilides Canis )

Chicken Flea ( Echidnophaga Gallinacea )

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

23

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

23

Impact of Fleas on Health

1. Vector for diseases - plague - murine typhus

2. Intermediate host for worms (helminths)

3. Ectoparasite enters into the skin

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

24

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

24

Rat Control Program

Rats are animals that like to live in housing areas and areas that provide food Rats may be divided into 2 types: 1. Rural rats 2. Urban rats

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

25

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

25

Rural Rats - Types

1. Rathus Talorensia ( Malaysia Wood Rat )
2. Rathus Agentiventer ( Malaysia Field Rat ) 3. Rathus Exulants ( Rice Field Rat & Little

House Rat )
4. B. Bergalensis dan Bendicato Indice

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

26

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

26

Urban Rats - Types

1. Rathus Diardii( House rats, Ship rats, Attic/ Roof rats) 2. Rathus Norvegicus (Tikus Mondok & Burrowing Rat ) 3. Rathus Exulan (Little Field Rat ) 4. Musculas (Little House Rat ) 5. Suncus Murinus ( a group of rats that feed on insects)

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

27

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

27

Impact of Rats on Health

Rats are carrier agents of plague and other transmittable diseases, such as cholera and typhoid

Methods of Controlling Rats: 1. Destroying its hiding places 2. Use of poison 3. Use of traps 4. Biological control natural control
4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 28

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

28

Destroying Hiding Places

Rats have the habit of hiding away from the sight of human beings which makes monitoring its movement extremely difficult Usually rats breeding sites are located in places of food storage, dark warehouses and cracks in buildings Therefore, regular cleaning of these places can prevent it from becoming a hiding place for rats
4/27/2012 SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 29

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

29

Use of Posion
Various types of rat poisons are available in the market The best types are poisons that are prepared as a mixtures with food

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

30

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

30

Types of Poisons
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Red Squill poison and food mixture Thalthium poison and food mixture Zinc Phosphide Sodium Fluoracetamide Fluoracetamide Phosphorus Yellow Arsenic Trioxide Barium Carbonate
SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354 31

4/27/2012

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

31

USE OF TRAPS
Use of traps at any particular time may or may not prove succesful Among the types of traps available are: 1. Cage type I. Back break type II. Tangle food board

4/27/2012

SCSJ-DIN:NS 2354

32

NURH 3053 - Household Vectors and Pests

32