HUMAN RIGHTS AND

CITIZENSHIP
RIGHTS OF CHILDREN
Part l
INTRODUCTION
 Children's rights encompass a set of fundamental
entitlements and protections that are
 recognized universally
 and established both in international law
 and within the legal frameworks of individual
countries.
 These rights are designed to ensure the well-being,
safety, development, and participation of all
children.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN GENERAL:
Right to Life and Survival:
 Children have the inherent right to life and must be
protected from harm, violence, and neglect.
 This includes access to basic necessities like food, clean
water, and healthcare.
Right to Non-Discrimination:
 Children have the right to be treated fairly and without
discrimination based on factors like race, ethnicity, gender,
religion, disability, or social status.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN GENERAL:

Right to Identity:
 Every child has the right to an identity, including a name,
nationality, and family identity.
 Birth registration is crucial for establishing these rights.
Right to Education:
 Children have the right to access quality education that is
inclusive, relevant, and free from discrimination.
 Education should prepare them for a fulfilling and
productive life.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN GENERAL:

Right to Health:
 Children have the right to the highest attainable standard
of physical and mental health.
 This includes access to healthcare services,
immunizations, and nutrition.
Right to Protection from Violence:
 Children must be protected from all forms of physical or
psychological violence, including abuse, exploitation,
neglect, and trafficking.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN GENERAL:
Right to Participation:
 Children have the right to express their views on matters that affect
them and to participate in decision-making processes.
 Their opinions should be given due weight in accordance with their
age and maturity.
Right to Privacy:
 Children's privacy should be respected, and their personal
information should be protected.
Right to Play and Leisure:
 Children have the right to relax, play, and engage in cultural and
artistic activities, contributing to their healthy development.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW:

 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): The

CRC, adopted in 1989, is the primary international treaty specifically
focused on children's rights. It sets out a comprehensive framework for the
protection and promotion of children's rights. Key provisions include:
 The best interests of the child as a primary consideration in all actions
concerning children (Article 3).
 The right to survival and development (Article 6).
 The right to participate in decisions affecting the child (Article 12).
 Protection from violence, exploitation, and abuse (Articles 19, 32, 34).
 Access to healthcare, education, and a standard of living adequate for
the child's development (Articles 24, 28, 27).
 The right to preserve identity (Article 8).
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW:

Optional Protocols to the CRC:

 Optional protocols to the CRC, such as the Optional
Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and
Child Pornography, provide additional protections for
children in specific areas.
ILO Convention No. 182:
 The International Labour Organization's Convention No.
182 addresses the worst forms of child labor and calls for
the prohibition and elimination of child labor practices
that are harmful to the physical and mental development
of children.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

 While not specific to children, the UDHR recognizes
the fundamental rights and freedoms to which all
individuals, including children, are entitled.
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the
Child:
 This regional instrument, applicable in Africa,
addresses children's rights in the African context,
drawing from the CRC and adding specific provisions
relevant to the region.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS REGARDING
EDUCATION
 Children's rights regarding education, child labor, and
protection from abuse are crucial aspects of international
and national laws and conventions. Here's an overview of
these rights within legal frameworks:
Right to Education (Universal Declaration of Human
Rights - UDHR, Article 26):
 Children have the fundamental right to education.
 This right is further elaborated in the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC, Article 28).
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS REGARDING
EDUCATION
Compulsory and Free Primary Education (CRC, Article
28):
 States Parties to the CRC must ensure that primary
education is compulsory and available free to all children.
 The aim is to make education accessible to every child
without discrimination.
Quality Education (CRC, Article 29):
 Children have the right to education that is directed
towards the development of their full potential, including
physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and social development.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS REGARDING
EDUCATION
Inclusive Education (CRC, Article 23):
 Children with disabilities have the right to participate in
mainstream educational settings and receive the necessary
support to ensure their inclusion.
Right to Information (CRC, Article 17):
 Children have the right to access information from a
variety of sources, including the media, in a way that is
appropriate for their age and development.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS REGARDING
EDUCATION
Protection from Discrimination in Education
(CRC, Article 2):
 Children are protected from discrimination in
access to education based on various grounds,
including race, gender, religion, or disability.
 RIGHTS REGARDING CHILD LABOR:
Prohibition of Child Labor (ILO Convention No. 182):
 The International Labour Organization's Convention No. 182
on the Worst Forms of Child Labor calls for the prohibition
and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, such as
hazardous work, slavery, trafficking, and the use of children in
armed conflict.
Minimum Age for Employment (ILO Convention No. 138):
 ILO Convention No. 138 sets the minimum age for admission
to employment and work, ensuring that children are not
employed before reaching a certain age, which can vary by
country.
RIGHTS REGARDING CHILD LABOR:

Rights of the Child (CRC, Article 32):

 The CRC recognizes the right of the child to be
protected from economic exploitation and from
work that is likely to be hazardous or interfere with
the child's education, development, or health.
RIGHTS REGARDING PROTECTION FROM ABUSE:

Protection from Violence and Abuse (CRC, Article 19):

 Children have the right to protection from all forms of
physical or mental violence, injury, or abuse, neglect,
maltreatment, or exploitation.
Child Abuse Reporting (CRC, Article 19):
 States Parties to the CRC are obligated to take all
appropriate measures to protect the child from all forms of
abuse, including establishing procedures for reporting and
responding to instances of child abuse.
RIGHTS REGARDING PROTECTION FROM ABUSE:
Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (Optional Protocol to the CRC on
the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography):
 This protocol aims to protect children from sexual exploitation,
including the sale of children, child prostitution, and child
pornography.
 It obligates states to criminalize these acts and take preventive
measures.
Domestic Violence Protection (Various National Laws and
International Conventions):
 Many countries have laws and policies aimed at protecting children
from domestic violence, including abuse within the family.
 These often align with international conventions.
CONCLUSION

 These international legal instruments establish a

strong foundation for the protection and promotion
of children's rights worldwide.
 States are obligated to adhere to these instruments,
implement measures to ensure children's well-
being, and report on their progress in fulfilling
children's rights to the relevant international
bodies.
CONCLUSION
 It's essential to note that while international
conventions and laws provide a framework for the
protection of children's rights, effective
implementation and enforcement at the national
level are crucial to ensure these rights are upheld
and respected in practice.
 National governments and civil society
organizations play a significant role in promoting
and safeguarding children's rights in education,
labor, and protection from abuse
THANKYOU