AUDIO VISUAL AIDS FILE

SUBMITTED TO:
SUMBITTED BY:
MRS.DEVI,
MANGALESHWARI.K
PROFFESSOR,
M.SC(N) 1ST YEAR,
SRI AUROBINDO COLLEGE OF NUSING,
SRI AUROBINDO COLLEGE OF
KARUR.
NURSING,
INDEX
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
OBJECTIVES
PRINCIPLES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CLASSIFICATION
 INTRODUCTION

 Audio visual aids are also called instructional material. Audio means “Hearing” and
Visual means “ Seeing”. All such aids, which endeavor to make things clear to us,
through our senses are called “ Audio Visual aids” or Instructional materials. All these
learning materials make the learning situations as real as possible and give us
Firsthand knowledge through the organs of hearing and seeing. Therefore, My device
which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, Effective, Realistic,
and Dynamic can be considered as Audio Visual material .

DEFINITION

 “Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the teaching experience
more concrete, more realistic, and dynamic.”
- Kinder S Jam
OBJECTIVES OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
 To enhance the skills of the teachers in order to make teaching- learning process effective.
 To make learners active in the classroom thus increasing the participation.
 To communicate with audience according to the capabilities.
 To develop interest of the students in academics.
 To enhance the memory retention of the learners.
PRINCIPLES OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
I. Principle of Select
II. Principle of preparation
III. Principle of proper presentation
IV. Principle of physical control or handling
V. Principle of response
VI. Audio visual aids are means To An End, Not The End In Themselves
VII. Principle of evaluation
ADVANTAGES OF AV AIDS

 It helps to make the learning process more efficient and conceptual.

 It helps to grab the attention of the student.
 It builds interest and motivate the teacher and students.
 It enhance the energy level of the students.
 It provides students a realistic approach and experience.
 These are easy to use and prepare.

DISADVANTAGES OF AV AIDS
 A.V. Aids require proper environment for its projection, students may get distracted
due to noise.
 Some projected aids are expensive to carry out eg : projectors
NON PROJECTED AIDS
CHALKBOARD
 According to Geoffrey: “ A black board is defined as a flat surface future, it can be a
board made of wood, fiber or sometime maid plastered on the wall of the class. The
board is painted black to reflect the white chalk use to write on it.

DESIGN OF CHALKBOARD
 Blackboard can be prepared with a piece of plywood about 30"x 40" and have tray under
the full width of the board. The boards should be mounted with the bottom edge of the
tray 36 inches above the finished floor. Illumination of the chalkboard or marker board
should be 10-15 lumens.

 The highest grade chalkboards are made of a rougher version porcelain enameled steel
(black, green, blue or sometimes other colors). Porcelain is very hard wearing and
chalkboards made of porcelain usually last 10-20 years in intensive use.
ADVANTAGES OF CHALKBOARD:

1. Readily available in most of the lecture rooms.

2. Electricity is not necessary for its usage.
3. Sequential development of a concept can be done effectively.
4. Initial and recurring expenditure is minimal.
5. Easy to use (and misuse !).

DISADVANTAGES OF CHALKBOARD:
1. Eye to eye contact is lost while writing.
2. The written material cannot be stored and reused.
3. Advance preparation of material is not possible
4. Chalk produce dust. It can cause allergy.
TYPES OF CHALK BOARD

 Fixed board
 Easel stand board
 Roller board
 Magnetic board
 Graphic board
 Green glass chalk board
 Lobby stand board
 Double side stand board
 Reception board
 Tariff board
 Paging board
 Pressing graph perforated board
 white board
 Notice board
 Exhibition board
 FIXED BOARD

This board is fixed in the wall facing the class and normally made up of wood on
concrete cement.
 DOUBLE SIDE STAND BOARD

It has one white side for marker writing and another black side for chalk piece
writing. It is fixed on wheel stand and can be shifted easily.
 RECEPTION BOARD

It has a gold color powder coated Aluminum frame. Golden letters can be fixed
on this board.
 TARIFF BOARD

It useful for price list, reception and welcome to delegates.

 PAGING BOARD

One side marker pen writing and one side letter interchangeable. It is useful at
public places to receive visitors.
 PRESSING GRAPH PERFORATED BOARD

It can be use vertically, horizontally in any place like educational institutes and
administrative offices.
 WHITE BOARD

It is used for marker pen writing and can be erased easily with duster or cloth.
 NOTICE BOARD

It is framed with aluminum frame. Notices can be fixed with pins. It is available in
different colors.
 EXHIBITION BOARD

It can be folded and expanded easily. Both sides are useable. It is available in 2
panel, 3 panel and 4 panel.
PEG BOARD

 Peg- board is defined as a non - projected, display board with multiple small holes into
which pegs can be inserted in different arrays so as to form hooks from which to hang
tools or other objects for convenient access.
- Lowes
USES OF PEG BOARD:
 Peg board is use to display the letters or numbers.
 Commonly used in hospitals to display the remaining.
 Government institution for displaying senses.
 academic institutions for displaying the names of the teaching and non-teaching staff
members.
 Display the score during the sports activity etc .,
 EQUIPMENTS FOR PEG BOARDS

 Hard card board

 Thin metal sheet

 Drill machine

 wooden or Aluminum frame.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PEG BOARD
 Peg boards are made of tempered Masonite with 1/8 - inch holes drilled 1 inch apart.
These board are used in displaying three - Dimensional objects or heavy materials with
the use of hooks inserted in to the board.
 ADVANTAGE OF PEG BOARD:
 Easy for displaying the letters / numbers
 Economic as it is reusable
 Easily visible

DIS-ADVANTAGE OF PEG BOARD:

 Time consuming
 More expenditure required for the preparation
 Skill - trained personal required for preparing the board with holes
 Difficult to maintain regularly
 Numbers / letters can be missed or damaged easily.
 HOOK AND LOOP BOARD

 In creating a hook and loop board, a play wood or heavy cardboard is covered with the
nylon loop material and the nylon hooks are adhered on the back of the instructional
material to be displayed on the board.
 FLASH CARD

A flashcard or flash card (also known as an index card) is a card bearing information on
both sides, which is intended to be used as an aid in memorization. Each flashcard bears
a question on one side and an answer on the other. Flashcards are often used to
memorize vocabulary, historical dates, formulae or any subject matter that can be learned
via a question-and-answer format.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLASH CARD:

A 'flash card' is a small piece of card you hold in your hand and glance at quickly
to take in information. You can use index cards or take a sheet of A4 card and cut
it into quarters – that's the perfect size. Important features of a flash card: Large,
bold writing.
ADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARD :
 They're Inexpensive. Flash cards can be one of the least expensive ways to study material.
 They're Portable. Flash cards provide students with a portable learning tool. ...
 They're Efficient. ...
 They Make Learning Easier. ...
 They're Versatile. ...
 They Offer Various Study Methods.

DISADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARD:

 Some fields cannot be illustrated
 They can become boring when using repectivly
 PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPH

Pictures and photographs are visual materials, used to stimulate a learner's interest.
Properly selected and adapted they can help readers to understand and remember the
content of accompanying verbal materials.
ADVANTAGES:

 You can convey information very quickly

 People understand images no matter which language they speak

DIS-ADVANTGES:
 Blind or visually impaired people might not be able to access the information
 If you don't know what the image means then it can't convey the information
effectively to you
 CHART
Chart is Defined as a visual symbol Summarizing, comparing, contrasting or performing
other helpful services in explaining the subject matter. It is meant to deficit pictorial and
written information in a systematic way by effective arrangement of the key facts.
• ADVANTAGES OF CHART:
 It is an effective tool for learning
 It arouses interest
 It involves a low cost
 It is portable
 It is easy to make
 It is available for use and reuse
 DISADVANTAGES OF CHART:
 Chart cannot be used in large group
 It cannot be used for illiterate groups.

FEUTURES OF GOOD CHART:

 Should be sufficiently large to be seen easily
 Should be clear, simple and not overcrowded with facts
 Should be attractive and should tell about the theme in detail
 Should highlight the main points
 Should be in symbols and words and have few comparisons
 Should be strong enough to stand the rough use
TYPES OF CHART

 Picture chart
 Time chart
 Table chart
 Graphic chart
 Flow chart
 Tree chart
 Pie chart
 BAR CHART

A bar chart is a chart that uses either horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons
among categories.
 TIME CHART

A chart showing the standard times in various parts of the world with reference
to a specified time at a specified place.
 TABLE CHART

A table chart is a means of arranging data in rows and columns. The use of tables is
pervasive throughout all communication, research and data analysis.
 GRAPH CHART

A diagram in which a line or a curve shows the relationship between two quantities,
measurements, etc..
 FLOW CHART

A flow chart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart

can also be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step
approach to solving a task.
 TREE CHART

A tree diagram is chart that begins with one central item and then branches into
more and keeps branching until the line of inquiry begun with the central item is
exhausted.
 PIE CHART

A pie chart is a type of graph that represents the data in the circular graph. The
slices of pie show the relative size of the data, and it’s a type of pictorial
representation of data.
 FLANNEL BOARD:

Flannel board uses the adhesive qualities of interlocking hairs of suitable materials to enable pictures and cards backed with these to be fixed to a board covered with a
cloth of similar material, simply by exercising gentle pressure .

GUIDELINES FOR USING A FLANNEL BOARD:

 The content of the board should be organized the central theme.

 Appearance must be neat and orderly.
 The material should be displayed in an attractive manner.
 Avoid overcrowding on the board.
 It should be clearly seen by the group members.
 The displayed pictures should be sufficiently large in size.
 Remove the pictures as soon as their purposes over.
 LIMITATION OF FLANNEL BOARD:

Suitable only for a small group.

 Require some preparation and practice.

 PRINCIPLES OF FLANNEL BOARD:

 This works on the principle that one piece of rough textured cloth will adhere (or) stick to another rough material. These coarse backed objects,
flannel graphs, therefore stick to the flannel cloth and stay there until removed.

 MATERIALS REQUIRED:

 Flannel, glue, plywood, soft wood, heavy cardboard, rough textured cloth, sand paper, pictures, cut-outs, graphs, drawings and text materials.
 ADVANTAGES OF FLANNEL BOARD:

1.Display pictures
2.In case of diagrams, proper detailing can be shown.
3.Explain process.
4.Concept map

 DISADVANTAGES OF FLANNEL BOARD:

1.Brazas are usually too big for flannel pictures to be seen from the back.
2.When flannels are used in the open air, the wind may blow the flannel graphs away.
3.The apparently miraculous way in which the picture sticks to the board is a
distracting.
4.Even the best designed teaching aid cannot replace practical work with patients.
 BULLETIN BOARD

 Bulletin board can be used to reinforce instructional goals, communicate essential

information, include and motivate students, and to make the classroom more
appealing place. Bulletin boards should be attractive, have an objective, and should
often be used to display student work.
-marti van walbeek

CHARACTERISTICS OF BULLETIN BOARD:

 Should be with finished edge.

 Must be fixed on a wall.
 Must be colorful and attractive.
 Have at least unified theme for clarity.
 Avoid overcrowded displays.
 Balance, unity, harmony, proportion and contrast.
 MARKER BOARD

 Whiteboard marker uses an erasable ink-an ink that adheres to the writing surface without
binding or being absorbed by it, for temporary writing with overhead projectors, whiteboard
and the like.
PURPOSES OF GRAPH:

GRAPHS

 It depicts the numerical or quantitative relationship or statistical data are presented in the form of visual symbol.

 Graphs provides an organized way to display data.

 Easy analysis and interpretation on complex issues and situations.
 Effective and rapid communication on complex issues and situation
 They provided an easier way to see patterns.
 Group can be used to make prediction.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD GRAPH:

 Show the data clearly
 Use simplicity in design of the graph
 Use alignment on a common column
 Keep the visual encoding transparent
 Use standard form that work.
ADVANTAGES OF GRAPH:
 Show each data category in a frequency distribution.
 Display relative numbers/proportions of multiple categories.
 Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form.
 Make trends easier to highlight than tables do.
 Estimates can be made quickly and accurately.
 Accessible to a wide audience.

TYPESS OF GRAPH:
 Bar graph
 Pie graph or circle graph
 Pictograph
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Cumulative frequency curve
 Line graph
 Scatter graph
 BAR GRAPH

 The pictorial representation of grouped data, in the form of vertical or horizontal

rectangular bars, where the lengths of the bars are equivalent to the measure of data, are
known as bar graphs.
 CIRCLE GRAPH

 A circle graph is also known as a pie chart. The graph is in the shape of a circle with
different wedges that each represent a percentage of a total. These wedges often look like
pieces of pie, which is why the circle graph is sometimes referred to as a pie chart. Each
angle of the circle graph is proportional to the quantity it represents.
 PICTOGRAPH

 Pictographs defines the frequency of the data using images or symbols, which are
relevant to the data. The pictograph is extremely easy to understand, and it is one of
the simplest way to represent the statistical data.
 FREQUENCY POLYGON

 A frequency polygon is a line graph representation of class frequency plotted against

the midpoint of the class frequency. It is identical to the histogram but there is a
difference in it is a line joining the midpoint of the class frequency and forming a curve.
Joining the midpoints of the rectangle gives a frequency polygon.
 LINE GRAPH

 A line graph is a graphical representation of information that changes over a period of

time. It is a chart made by joining points using line segments.
 SCATTER PLOT GRAPH

 A scatter plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter plot, XY graph. The
scatter diagram graphs numerical data pairs, with one variable on each axis, show their
relationship.
 DIAGRAM

 A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization

technique. Diagram are pictorial presentation of quantitative data.

ADVANTAGES OF DIAGRAM:
 It permits easy visualization
 It helps in observing the data with concentration.
 It helps a great deal in the analysis of the data.
 The data can be easily understood.
 It facilitate comparative study of different aspects of given data.

LIMITATIONS OF DIAGRAM:
 Presentation of diagrams is time consuming.
 Its facility for comparative study is limited.
 Measures are not accurate.
 The conclusions draw from the diagram will not be precise.
 POSTER
FEUTURES OF GOOG POSTER:
 A”public” piece of paper conveying information through text (word) and/or graphic images (symbol or pictures)

 Brevity : message conveyed should be concise

 Simplicity:easily understandable
 Idea:single and relevant data.
 Color:attractive and eye catching
 Display:simple and attractive.
ADVANTAGES OF POSTER:
 It attracts attention.
 It convey the message very quickly.
 It does not require a detailed study.
 Good poster leads to action with good motivation.
 It can stand alone and is self explanatory.

DISADVANTAGES OF POSTER:
 Posters does not always give enough information.
 When a poster is seen for long time, it may not be attractive. So it should be dynamic.
 You do not have audience.
 Space is limited.
 Peoples may not give attention.
 MODELS

• Teaching of model is a pattern or plan, which can be a curriculum or courses to select

instructional materials and to guide a teachers actions

-JOYCE AND WEIL(1972)

• CHARACTERISTICS OF TEACHING MODEL:
 Specification of learning outcomes
 Specification on environment
 Specification of criterion of performance
 Specification of operation
 Specific procedure
MERITS OF MODELS IN TEACHING:
 It is a natural way of teaching and learning.
 It is helpful in developing the power of imagination of the students.
 It helps the students to analyze things systematically.
 It keeps students actively engaged in the classroom activity.
 It helps in making the students good observers.

LIMITATION OF MODEL:

 It makes high demand on the students as well as teachers.

 All the students of the class may not be able to participate in the teaching-learning process.
 Some students, on account of their shyness, fail to derive the requisite advantage of this
model.
 OBJECTS
 An object is an unordered collection of data, including primitive types, functions and
other objects.
 An object is a collection of properties, each of which has a name and a value.
• ADVANTAGES:
 it develops cooperation among students.
 It capture attention.
 It develops communication skills.
 Students develops their imagination.
• DISADVANTEGES:
 It cannot used for larger groups.
 Consumes time in preparation.
 Costumes required
 SPECIMEN
 A part, or a small portion, of anything, or one of a number of things, intended to exhibit
the kind and quality of the whole, or of what is not exhibited.

 ADVANTAGES OF SPECIMEN:
 Using specimen as a tool for learning may be helpful because students can easily
memorize/recall the concept.
 Representing also a specimen is one of enjoyable way of storing new knowledge. It may
help us to represent an idea.

 DISADVANTAGES OF SPECIMEN:
 The lesson will just focus on that particular specimen.
 The students cannot determine the main idea. Automatically comprehend base on what is
presented, they might need some possible explanation.
 DIORAMA
 It is a three dimensional arrangement of related objects models and cut outs to
illustrate a central theme or concept.
 The objects are placed in a big box or show case with a glass covering and
background printed with as a shade or a scene
ADVANTAGES OF DIORAMA:
Provide a good opportunity to learn.
 It gives the appearance of actual things which cannot be brought to class room.
Live things can be shown Eg : aquarium.
 Provides student to do project works
DISADVANTAGES OF DIORAMA:
 Sometimes cost
 Chances of misguiding
 PUPPETS

 A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or mythical figure, that is

animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer.
 The puppeteer uses movements of his hands, arms, or control devices such as rods or
strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet.

• PRINCIPLES OF PUPPETS:
 Puppet action must be accompanied by short dialogues, which are easily understandable.
 Plays must be based on action rather than words.
 Puppet show should not have many characters.
 The main problem or question should be introduced in the beginning and answer should be
come at the end.
ADVANTAGES OF PUPPETS:
 Creates interest
 Gives knowledge in a brief period.
 Effective method
 Motivates students.

• DISADVANTAGES OF PUPPETS:
 Needs group cooperation and coordination.
 Requires skills in preparation and supply.
 Requires skills in presentation.
 Not easy to carry and operate.
TYPES OF PUPPETS:

 String puppet
 Glove puppet
 Shadow puppet
 Stick puppet
 Hand puppet
 Finger puppet
 STRING/ MARIONETTES PUPPETS

 It consists of puppets with hinged body parts which are controlled by nine strings
produces required movements in the puppet.
 GLOVE PUPPET
 This is like a fingered glove which fits on the hand and are operated from below by
fingers.
 SHADOW PUPPET

 Shadow puppets are made of cardboard which produce shadows on a white screen. They
may be cut from leather or some other opaque material as in the traditional theatres of
java, Bali, and Thailand in the so called ombres chinoises (French literally “Chinese
shadow”) of 18th century.
 STICK PUPPET

Stick puppets are painted cardboard/paper cut-outs attached by sticks. These

puppets are manipulated by the teacher and students by hiding behind a
screen so that only puppets are visible to the audience or the class.
 HAND PUPPETS

Hand puppets can be stiff, made from a hard plastic or may be more often flexible,
made from fabric with some stuffing and attached decorations for eyes, nose, and so
on. The simple hand puppets are those with few or no moving parts.
 FINGER PUPPET

Finger puppets are simple puppets those are which are not hand puppets as they are
used only on a finger. These are round balls painted as head with overflowing
colorful costumes.
 RADIO

Radio is an effective audio aid device that is capable of providing valuable assistance to
the teacher in the classroom by presenting useful information and learning experiences to
a large number of students.
• PURPOSES OF RADIO:
 To educate the public more fully on the work of the colleges.
 To introduce new policies and practices.
 To invite community cooperation in college improvements.
 To awaken community interest and concern for public education.
 To explain the need for more financial support.
 To assist the classroom teacher in instruction.
ADVANTAGES OF RADIO:
 It can be used anywhere with or without electricity.
 It is one of the means of bringing up-to-date news in the political, social, economic, and
cultural problems and issues which can be the basis of classroom discussion.
 It is convenient, easy, and economical way of getting ideas and various views from experts.
 It can provide examples of good and bad speeches.

DISADVANTAGES OF RADIO:
 Absence of visual element
 Crowd fragmentation
 Restricted listener attention
 Clustered
 Sometimes it is difficult to get the proper signals from a radio station.
 Due to bad whether, the radio is not audible properly.
 TAPE RECORDER

An audio tape recorder, tape deck or tap machine is an audio storage device that
records and plays back sounds, including articulated voices, usually using magnetic
tape, either wound on a reel or in a cassette, for storage.

• CHARACTERISTICS OF TAPE RECORDER:

 Immediacy
 Emotional impact
 Authenticity
 Conquest of time and space
 One way communication
 Audition
 Needs and interest
ADVANTAGES OF TAPE RECORDER:
 Recording can be erased and the tape can be reused.
 The tape recorder is easy to operate as it has only a few controls.
 The talks of well-known personalities can be recorded at a convenient place and brought
to the school for reply to the student.
 For teaching music, phonics, oral reading, poetry and recitations etc. tape recorder is of
immense values.
• DISADVANTAGES OF TAPE RECORDER:
 There is no special contact with speaker.
 Listening for a long time generally distract the learner.
 It encourages passive learning.
 It is costly and so all can not afford it.
 It does not provide a practical or laboratory experience.
PROJECTED AIDS
 FILM STRIPS AND FLIM STRIP PROJECTOR

• FILM STRIPS:
The film strip is a series of sequenced slides on a piece of film covering a large
portion of a lesson. 20 to 50 slides or frames are on about half meters to one and half
meters long film strip.
• FILM STRIP PROJECTOR:
The film strips are projected on a screen using an optical instruments called film
strip projector.
ADVANTAGES OF FILM STRIPS:
 Easy to make
 Convenient to handle
 Can be easily stored
 Provides logical sequence
 Can use AC/DC power, batteries, or rechargeable batteries with solar panels.
• DISADVANTAGES OF FILM STRIPS:
 Need a darkened room
 Require equipment and power that will need to be maintained.
 Sequence cannot be changed
 Visual media only, it requires audio or printed text.
 Require professional assistance for final production.
 FILM AND FILM PROJECTOR

They enrich learning by presenting a series or sequence of meaningful experiences

involving motion. They van enlarge or reduce the actual size of objects to suit the need.
They can transcend the barriers of time, complexity, and space and bring the past,
present and probable future into the classroom. They give a sense of reality by enabling
individuals to experience the outside world and make abstract and relationships
concrete. synchronizing the moving figures with sound makes the experience realistic
and lively.
 OVERHEAD PROJECTOR(OHP)

This is called overhead projector because it projects the image behind and over the head
of the teacher. In overhead projection a transparent visual is placed on a horizontal
platform at the top of the light source. The pass through the transparency and then is
reflected at an angle on to the screen placed at the back of the teacher. The enlarged
image will be much more effective. Moreover as the slide can be saved. The written
matter will then projected on the screen.
 TELEVISION

The word “television” is derived from Latin word “tele” which means far and Latin word
“Visio” means “sight”. Television is a widely used telecommunication system for
broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance.
 SLIDES AND SLIDE PROJECTOR

Any picture or diagramed which will take a long time to be drawn on black board in the
course of a class period can be developed as a slide. This can be got enlarged by
projecting it on a screen with a slide projector.

Slide projector 1 is an instrument equipped with a powerful light source and a carrier for
holding slides of suitable size. The projector can also be operated and focused by remote
controls. This aid is not only time saving but also helpful to add to the impression of the
learning experience.
 EPISCOPE AND EPIDIASCOPE

Episcope is used for projection of opaque objects. The principle of reflected projection is
used in these pictures, photographs, drawings or any opaque material within the size of
the platform of the episcope can be projected using this instruments.

Epidiascope can project opaque as well as transparent objects. It is actually a combination

of episcope and diascope. With the epidiascope, in the epi-position, flat opaque objects
can be projected.
 LCD PROJECTOR

LCD projector is the most advanced and sophisticated projecting aid. It is used to present
a topic audience. We can present a topic by using computer made slides, graphics,
pictures, Video clips, movies and special effects. We can bring the real world situation
into the classroom by way of movies and multimedia effects.
THANK YOU