Unit of Competency

12/21/2023
Unit of Competency: Implement

Maintenance Procedures
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P R E PA R E D B Y OLANA ABEBE
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INTRODUCTION
Computer Maintenance & Troubleshooting

It is a mechanism of prevent or repair different types of
computer problems using different mechanism of preventive
approaches.
Difference b/n Troubleshooting and maintenance
Maintenance means protecting a computer before it fails.
Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and correcting problems.

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TYPE OF MAINTENANCE
Maintenance falls into two general categories:

incremental and rebuild.
Rebuild maintenance: refers to the process of updating

computer accessories.
Incremental maintenance: refers to the process of updating

pre computed views without having to rebuild them.
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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PRODUCTS AND
PROCEDURES
Preventive maintenance is something that customers often forget or do

not believe is necessary. However, nothing could be further from the truth.
For example, suppose you have a customer who frequently reschedules

their preventive maintenance time. Because you are unable to perform
the maintenance, neither of you would be aware that the fan in the power
supply had stopped working. As a result, instead of just having to replace
the power supply, the processor and some of the memory failed due to
the excessive heat. In addition, the unscheduled downtime resulted in a
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loss of productivity
P R E P A R Eand
D B Ya larger
O L A N A bill
A B E from
BE you.
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MANUFACTURER SUGGESTED GUIDELINES
Before beginning any preventative maintenance procedures, it is critical that you

consult the manufacturer’s documentation. Vendors include the information on the
proper cleaning materials to use when cleaning or maintaining their components.
Failure to follow these guidelines could result in either component degradation,
complete failure, or a void warranty. Never assume that you already know what
you can use with what device; instead, take the time to review the documentation.
Remember that customer service is not only solving a problem, but also ensuring
that you do not generate them.
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CONT.…
Preventive Maintenance
Maintaining a well-functioning PC requires that you do a lot more than
running an occasional Scan Disk or deleting temporary files. You need
to follow some fairly extensive physical maintenance routines, such as
cleaning, managing files, removing dust etc.
Preventive Maintenance Procedures
To enlarge the life of your PC, you simply must check and clean it
regularly. Cleaning your PC on a regular basis can prevent
overheating and ESD.
ESD - Electrostatic discharge is a quick electrical charge that occurs
when two objects with different electrical potentials come into contact
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with each other. P R E PA R E D B Y O L A N A A B E B E
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LIQUID CLEANING COMPOUNDS
Before using any liquid cleaning compound make sure that your computer is
turned off. If the PC has power when you use liquid cleaners, you run the
risk of damaging or shorting out your components, which is an expensive
risk to take. Also make sure that the component you have cleaned with a
liquid cleaner is thoroughly dry before turning your computer back on!
Clean or Soapy Water and a Damp Cloth
You need only a bit of water and a damp cloth for cleaning the mouse ball, the outside of
the mouse, or the exterior of the monitor or computer case. Make sure that the cloth is
damp and not wet and that you do not splash7 or drip water into your system.
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CONT.…
If the keys on your keyboard start to stick or you have spilled a cup of coffee into
your keyboard, or, for that matter, you just know that there is a lot of dirt under
the keys; you can clean the keyboard with distilled water. Some techs will use a
light silicone spray lubricant.
Keep in mind that if you want your keyboard to work again, you need to make
sure that it is unplugged before you clean it and that it is thoroughly dry before
you plug it in again. As a general rule, wait at least 48 hours before re-attaching
the keyboard to your system.
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DENATURED ALCOHOL
Denatured Alcohol is the best thing to use for cleaning floppy drive
heads and hard disk drive. When cleaning your mouse, you can use a
damp cloth to clean the cover and ball, as mentioned earlier, but what
about the rollers? Some people pick at the rollers with their fingernails
to get all of the dirt off them, but if you want to keep your fingernails
clean you can use a cotton swab dipped in denatured alcohol to help
loosen and remove the dirt.
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Glass Cleaner
Glass Cleaner
You need to turn your monitor off before cleaning to avoid damage to the
screen. Many technicians clean the monitor screen with regular glass
cleaner. Under most circumstances, however, water and a damp cloth will do
the job just fine. Water is the safest cleaning liquid you can use on a monitor.
When cleaning the LCD display screen of a laptop, do not use glass
cleaner at all. You will melt the screen!
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Cleaning Contacts and Connectors
Cleaning Contacts and Connectors

To protect your contacts and connectors from becoming dirty, avoid
touching them with your hands. Leaving the contacts untouched will reduce
the amount of residue and make them easier for you to clean.
Compressed Air
Compressed air works well for getting the dust out of power supply fans,
expansion slots, and keyboards, but you need to exercise care in using it for
blowing the dust off components and the inside of the case.
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POWER-SUPPLY PROBLEM
Power-Supply Problem
Power-supply problems can come from both internal and external sources.
Common power delivery problems are surges, sags, and blackouts affect the
stability and
operation of the main power supply
• Surges: Increases in the voltage source (sudden event causing a great
damage)
• Sags: Sudden decreasing of voltage
• Blackout: This is a complete power failure
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CONT.….
Saving Your PC from Electrical Problems

Many products on the market can help you prevent these events from
damaging your PC. These products are called uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS) and surge suppressors.
Surge Suppressors
Surge suppressors help to absorb power surges so that your computer does
not feel their effects. They come as either separate modules or incorporated
with a UPS. The best suppressors to purchase are the ones with the lifetime
or 10- year guarantee.
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Environmental Hazard Protection
Environmental Hazard Protection

Computers must have a reliable source of power in order to
function. However, there are many problems with our power
supply that have the potential to damage computer systems
and their individual components.
Disposal Procedures
Once you have replaced a component, the next question is
what to do with it. Landfills used to be the answer, but
these areas have proven to be only a short-term solution.
Environmental concerns have also become an issue as
harmful chemicals have a tendency to leak into the water
table and contaminate our drinking
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water supply.
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CLEANING TOOLS
Cleaning Tools
There are several cleaning tools that you should keep in your
maintenance kit. One nice item to have is a rubber knife. When
you are called upon to remove hardened residue from metal
components, you can use a rubber knife to dislodge particles that
the vacuum or dust-free cloth could not remove. Never use a
metal knife or other metallic
Compressed air comes in handy when you are cleaning components,
such as a keyboard, or areas that a vacuum cannot get to (or shouldn’t
get to!).
Dust-free, lint-free disposable cloths or wipes are also cheaply
available and should be used whenever you need to wipe the surface of
a component. Normal cloths naturally attract lint and dust, while dust-
free or lint-free cloths do not 15
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ESD (ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE)
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
A computer is not just a valuable resource, it is a costly

one. As we become more dependent on them in our
everyday lives, the most expensive feature is the time
wasted by a malfunctioning computer, called downtime.
As an example, suppose you have over 600 people on a
network server that goes down for over four days.
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CONT.….
Common ESD Protection Devices and Procedures
There are several forms of ESD protection devices, such as mats, wrist straps,
and bags. These items should be used whenever you are working with
computer components to prevent ESD damage
ESD mats are made of an insulate material that is designed to slowly bleed
away any excess charge from whatever comes into contact with it. There are
two wires with alligator clips, one clip connected on the end of each wire, that
are attached to the mat.
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COMPUTER CARE AND

MAINTENANCE
Computer care and maintenance is often overlooked by the average user
Not only that, but with a little preventive maintenance and proper computer care, you
can increase the overall speed and efficiency of your computer.
Computer Maintenance Procedures Process

 Clear Hard Drive Space
 Defragment and Disk Check
 Internet Security
 Operating System Installation Guidelines

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MOTHERBOARDS, BUSES AND POWER SUPPLY
The motherboard provides the basic structure upon which everything else builds. The
expansion bus enables you to add cards to the PC.
The power supply provides DC current to feed the motherboard and components and
makes everything work.
Motherboard component & Architecture
If the processor is the brain of the computer, then the motherboard is the central nervous
system and circulatory system
 It is the main circuit board in the computer where everything comes together
 It is used to connect all the peripherals

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 Basically we can divide motherboards
P R E P A R E D Binto
Y O two
LANthese
A A B Eare
B E AT and ATX.
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CONT.….
 The case and power supply must then match the type of motherboard you have chosen
 AT motherboards were introduced in 1984 with size 12x13 inches
 The only integrated port on this motherboard is for the keyboard, all other devices connect
to the motherboard via cards and expansion slots
 The Baby AT motherboard measures 8.5x13 inches and is laid out exactly same as AT
 AT power supply connect to AT or Baby AT with one P8 connector and one P9 connector
 Intel created ATX motherboard in 1996, with size 12x9.6 inches
 It has many integrated ports, including serial ports, a parallel port, USB ports and PS/2
connector
 ATX power supply connect to the motherboard

20 via a single P1 connector
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COMMON PC EXPANSION BUSES
Common PC Expansion Buses

A bus is a pathway on the motherboard that enables the components to
communicate with the CPU. It’s used to add additional functionalities to a
Computer system. Some of the common expansion slots are ISA, VESA Local
Bus, PCI & AGP.
ISA (Industrial Standard Architecture) 1981
This is the oldest (and slowest) bus type and is used for cards that don't require
a lot of speed: for example, sound cards and modems.
We can divide ISA into two according to the sizes these are 8 bit and 16 bit. The
difference is 8 bit has got single connector
21 only and also smaller than 16 bit.
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PCI (PERIPHERAL COMPONENT

INTERCONNECT)
PCI (peripheral Component Interconnect)

It was introduced in 1993. It is distinguished from ISA slots in two ways.
First, they are shorter, and second, they are offset from the back edge of the
motherboard by about an inch. PCI is a high speed bus used for devices like
video cards, hard disk controllers, and high-speed network cards.
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AGP (ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

The newest PCs add another, new connector to the motherboard: an Accelerated
Graphics Port slot was designed specifically for Video. AGP is not really a bus,
but is a single device port used for high performance graphics. The AGP slot
looks similar to a PCI slot, except that it is offset further from the back edge of
the motherboard.
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AT and ATX Power Supplies
AT and ATX Power Supplies

CPUs, RAM, chipsets-everything on your motherboard-need electrical power to run.
Every power supply provides specialized connections to the motherboard to provide
DC electricity in several voltages to feed the needs of the many devices.
AT Power Connectors
A pair of connectors-called P8 and P9 link the AT power supply to the AT
motherboard
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ATX POWER CONNECTOR
ATX Power Connector

ATX uses a single P1 power connector instead of the P8 and P9 commonly
found on AT systems. The P1 has a notched connector that allows you to
insert it one way only-you cannot install the P1 connector incorrectly.
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BIOS & CMOS SETUP UTILITY
BIOS & CMOS Setup Utility

BIOS, Hardware, and the Boot process
When you power on your PC, electricity flows into the PC and it wakes up. First,
the power wakes up the CPU. The CPU then starts a set of essential programs
called the Basic Input/output System (BIOS).
POST
The System BIOS first runs a series of tests on the essential hardware, called
Power On Self Test (POST). During this process, the PC communicates what's
going on especially if it discovers problems through a series of beeps initially or
text messages that appear on the monitor.
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BEEP CODES AND ERROR CODES
Beep Codes and Error Codes

A single beep at boot up signals all is well and the system is ready to load
the operating system. A long, repeating beep often signals a problem with
RAM. A series of beeps-one long and three short usually point to a problem
with the video card or connection. You'll find error codes a little easier to
interpret because most BIOS manufacturers use the same codes.
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TABLE 1 Series Code Errors You Might Encounter During the POST
Error Code Device
100 Series Error (Any error from 100-199) System Board or Motherboard
200 Series Error (Any error from 200-299) Memory or RAM
300 Series Error (Any error from 300-399) Keyboard
400 Series Error (Any error from 400-499) Monochrome Video
500 Series Error (Any error from 500-599) Color Video
600 Series Error (Any error from 600-699) Floppy Drive
1700 Series Error (Any error from 1700-1799) Hard Drive
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CMOS SETUP UTILITY
CMOS Setup Utility

It is Configuration program which allows you to configure hardware settings
including system settings such as computer passwords, time, and date. CMOS is
short for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. CMOS is an on-board
semiconductor chip powered by a CMOS battery inside IBM compatible
computers that stores information such as the system time and system settings for
your computer, it is modified and changed by entering the CMOS Setup.
CMOS Settings
You can access the CMOS by entering a key combination at start up. For key
combination instructions, you need to restart your computer and watch the screen
at start up. Common key combinations are 30
CTRL + ALT + ESC, DEL, F2 and F10.
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PROCESSORS
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)-sometimes referred to as the micro

processor or just processor-both directly and indirectly controls all your com
puter's functions and can be thought of as the brain of the PC. In the human
body, the brain transmits information to your different body parts, telling them
what you want them to do. The processor in a computer works in much the
same manner
The processor communicates information between your devices and tells your
computer what you want it to do.
Processors come in many different sizes, shapes, and speeds. The main
determining factors for the performance of your computer are the speed and
skill of your processor.
Processor created by the three main processor manufacturing companies these
are: Intel, AMD, and Cyrix
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INTEL PROCESSORS
Intel Processors
Pentium processors had a Dual Independent Bus Architecture and, as a
result, were capable of parallel processing (using two sets of instructions
at the same time).
Pentium processors came in such speeds as 60, 66, 75,
90,100,120,133,150, and 166 MHz. Pentium processors transmitted data
64-bits at a time.
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AMD (ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES)
PROCESSORS
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Processors

AMD K5 Processors
The AMD K5 processor was released by AMD in 1995 to compete with the Pentium processor. The K5
processor had a 296 PGA and used Socket 7 to connect to the motherboard. This processor was available in
75, 90, 100, and 116 MHz and required you to use an active heat sink. This processor used 3.52 volts DC.
AMD K6 Series of Processors
AMD K6 series of processors had a 296 PGA form factor and connected to the motherboard using 7 socket.
Initially available in speeds of 166-266 MHz, these processors used 3.3 Volts DC.
AMD Athlon Processors
AMD didn't sit still while Intel unveiled the Pentium II and Pentium III. Aside from developing the K6
series, in 1999, AMD released the Athlon processor in an SEC form factor called Slot A-to compete directly
with Intel's offerings. AMD later released the Athlon in a PGA form factor using Socket A.
AMD Duron Processors
AMD released the Duron processor to compete on the lower end of the CPU spectrum with Intel's Celeron
CPU.
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CYRIX PROCESSORS
Cyrix Processors
Cyrix has produced competitive CPUs since the older Pentium but
concentrates on the lower end of the CPU spectrum. Cyrix had a worthy,
pin-compatible alternative to the Pentium.
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RAM
Introduction
Whenever you run a program on your computer, that program loads into
random access memory (RAM) before anything else happens. RAM
functions for the CPU like short-term or working memory The CPU needs
RAM, therefore, and the more the better (most of the time).
Common Types of RAM
SRAM (Static RAM)
Static RAM (SRAM) uses several transistors to hold each bit of data in
memory. Once you had data in SRAM, the system didn't need to do anything
special to keep it there. Its access time was low and never interrupted by
wait states. Because it used so many transistors to keep each bit of data in
place, SRAM cost much more than other
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DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

DRAM) used only a single capacitor per bit of data and, thus, cost
substantially less than SRAM, but had many disadvantages. The DRAM
memory required periodic refreshing during which the processor couldn't
access the RAM (called a wait state).
, DRAM used more power than SRAM. DRAM became the primary system
RAM in all computers for many years
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) SDRAM the current RAM of
choice in most systems offers a great improvement over DRAM, delivering
data in high speed bursts. Plus, SDRAM runs at the speed of the system
bus. 37
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RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)

RDRAM can reach data transfer speeds of up to 1.6 GHz. Naturally RDRAM
can only be used in systems that support it.
VRAM (Video RAM)
VRAM can be found on video cards. It provides faster access than DRAM
because it can be both read from and written to at the same time that is VRAM
is dual ported
WRAM (Windows Accelerator Card RAM)
It was developed for two reasons: for faster video and to speed up the Windows
operating system. WRAM had all the same features of VRAM. In addition,
WRAM was faster than VRAM
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12/21/2023

Unit of Competency: Implement

Computer Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Maintenance means protecting a computer before it fails.

Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and correcting problems.

Maintenance falls into two general categories:

Rebuild maintenance: refers to the process of updating

Incremental maintenance: refers to the process of updating

Preventive maintenance is something that customers often forget or do

For example, suppose you have a customer who frequently reschedules

MANUFACTURER SUGGESTED GUIDELINES

Before beginning any preventative maintenance procedures, it is critical that you

LIQUID CLEANING COMPOUNDS

Cleaning Contacts and Connectors

Cleaning Contacts and Connectors

Saving Your PC from Electrical Problems

Environmental Hazard Protection

Environmental Hazard Protection

ESD (ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE)

ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)

A computer is not just a valuable resource, it is a costly

Common ESD Protection Devices and Procedures

COMPUTER CARE AND

Computer care and maintenance is often overlooked by the average user

Computer Maintenance Procedures Process

 Defragment and Disk Check

 Operating System Installation Guidelines

MOTHERBOARDS, BUSES AND POWER SUPPLY

system and circulatory system

 It is used to connect all the peripherals

 AT motherboards were introduced in 1984 with size 12x13 inches

 Intel created ATX motherboard in 1996, with size 12x9.6 inches

 ATX power supply connect to the motherboard

COMMON PC EXPANSION BUSES

Common PC Expansion Buses

PCI (PERIPHERAL COMPONENT

PCI (peripheral Component Interconnect)

AGP (ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT)

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

AT and ATX Power Supplies

AT and ATX Power Supplies

ATX POWER CONNECTOR

ATX Power Connector

BIOS & CMOS SETUP UTILITY

BIOS & CMOS Setup Utility

BEEP CODES AND ERROR CODES

Beep Codes and Error Codes

CMOS SETUP UTILITY

CMOS Setup Utility

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)-sometimes referred to as the micro­

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) Processors

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)-sometimes referred to as the micro